Selected
\",\"answer_none_selected\":\"None selected\",\"found_text\":\" found\",\"and_text\":\" and \",\"text_input\":{\"label\":\"Complete this statement by filling in the blank: {{labelPre}}, blank, {{labelPost}}\"},\"placeholders\":{\"select\":\"Select\"},\"options\":{\"yes\":\"yes\",\"no\":\"no\",\"closer\":\"closer to\",\"farther\":\"farther from\",\"long\":\"long\",\"short\":\"short\",\"almost_none\":\"Almost none\",\"nearly_all\":\"Nearly all\",\"roughly_half\":\"Roughly half\",\"weaker\":\"weaker\",\"stronger\":\"stronger\",\"more\":\"more\",\"less\":\"less\",\"most\":\"most\",\"many\":\"many\",\"few\":\"few\",\"none_of_the_above\":\"None of the above\"}},\"language_toggle\":{\"legend\":\"Localize site content\",\"label\":\"Language\",\"espanol_site_name\":\"Spanish\"},\"utilities\":{\"count_of_total\":\"{{count}} of {{total}}\"},\"early_access\":\"Early Access\"}","language":"en"}},{"node":{"ns":"observable-universe","data":"{\"title\":\"Exploring the Observable Universe\"}","language":"en"}},{"node":{"ns":"widgets","data":"{\"supernova_selector_with_light_curve\":{\"title\":\"Supernova Images\",\"title_secondary\":\"Light Curve\",\"messages\":{\"found\":\"You found it!\",\"correct\":\"Correct!\",\"incorrect\":\"Try again.\"},\"blinker\":{\"altText\":\"Cutout for alert {{alertId}}\"}},\"time_viewer\":{\"observation_date\":\"Observation date\"},\"elapsed_time\":{\"title\":\"Elapsed Time\",\"interval\":{\"hour\":\"Hour\",\"hour_plural\":\"Hours\",\"day\":\"Day\",\"day_plural\":\"Days\",\"year\":\"Year\",\"year_plural\":\"Years\"}},\"orbit_viewer\":{\"title\":\"Orbit Viewer\",\"details_hide\":\"Hide info\",\"details_show\":\"Object info\",\"details_table\":{\"scientific_name\":\"Scientific Name\",\"absolute_magnitude\":\"Absolute Magnitude\",\"earth_moid\":\"Earth MOID\",\"orbit_size\":\"Orbit Size\",\"eccentricity\":\"Eccentricity\",\"inclination\":\"Inclination\",\"orbital_speed\":\"Orbital Speed\"},\"playback\":{\"time_step\":\"Time Step\",\"normal_time\":\"Normal Time\",\"time_equivalence\":\"{{firstTime}} = {{secondTime}}\",\"time_equivalence_verbose\":\"{{firstTime}} is {{secondTime}}\",\"interval\":{\"secWithCount\":\"{{count}} sec\",\"yearWithCount\":\"{{count}} year\",\"yearWithCount_plural\":\"{{count}} years\",\"day\":\"Day\",\"day_plural\":\"Days\",\"year\":\"Year\",\"year_plural\":\"Years\"}},\"bodies\":{\"sun\":\"Sun\"}},\"hubble_plotter\":{\"title\":\"Hubble Plot\",\"galaxy_name_fallback\":\"Active Galaxy\",\"labels\":{\"x_axis_fallback\":\"Distance (Mpc)\",\"y_axis_fallback\":\"Velocity (km/s)\",\"trendline\":\"slope = {{slope}}\"}},\"hubble_plot\":{\"title\":\"Hubble Plot\",\"answer\":\"{{count}} point plotted\",\"answer_plural\":\"{{count}} points plotted\"},\"galaxy_selector\":{\"title\":\"Galaxy Selector\",\"actions\":{\"previous\":\"Previous Galaxy\",\"next\":\"Next Galaxy\"}},\"galaxy_supernova_selector\":{\"title\":\"Galaxy & Supernova Selector\"},\"galaxy_scrambler\":{\"title\":\"Galaxy Scrambler\"},\"galaxies_position\":{\"title\":\"Relative Positions of Galaxies in Space\"}}","language":"en"}},{"node":{"ns":"astronomy","data":"{\"terms\":{\"galaxy\":\"Galaxia\",\"milky_way\":\"Vía Láctea\",\"supernova\":\"Supernova\"},\"planets\":{\"mercury\":\"Mercurio\",\"venus\":\"Venus\",\"earth\":\"Tierra\",\"mars\":\"Marte\",\"jupiter\":\"Júpiter\",\"saturn\":\"Saturno\",\"uranus\":\"Urano\",\"neptune\":\"Neptuno\"},\"orbital_bodies\":{\"sun\":\"Sol\",\"planet\":\"Planeta\",\"tno\":\"Objeto Transneptuniano (TNO)\",\"tno_plural\":\"Objetos Transneptunianos (TNOs)\",\"tno_abbrev\":\"TNO\",\"tno_abbrev_plural\":\"TNOs\",\"mba\":\"Asteroide del Cinturón Principal\",\"mba_plural\":\"Asteroides del Cinturón Principal (MBA)\",\"mba_abbrev\":\"MBA\",\"mba_abbrev_plural\":\"MBA\",\"neo\":\"Objeto Cercano a la Tierra\",\"neo_plural\":\"Objetos Cercanos a la Tierra (NEOs)\",\"neo_abbrev\":\"NEO\",\"neo_abbrev_plural\":\"NEOs\",\"comet\":\"Cometa\",\"comet_plural\":\"Cometas\"},\"orbital_properties\":{\"inclination\":\"Inclinación\",\"inclination_plural\":\"Inclinaciones\",\"inclination_unit\":\"Inclinación (grados)\",\"inclination_unit_plural\":\"Inclinaciones (grados)\",\"inclination_unit_symbol\":\"Inclinaciónº\",\"eccentricity\":\"Excentricidad\",\"eccentricity_plural\":\"Excentricidades\",\"size_of_orbit\":\"Tamaño de la órbita\",\"size_of_orbit_with_unit\":\"Tamaño de la órbita (au)\",\"orbit_size\":\"Tamaño orbital\",\"orbit_size_plural\":\"Tamaños orbitales\",\"orbit_size_with_unit\":\"Tamaño orbital (au)\",\"orbit_size_with_unit_plural\":\"Tamaños orbitales (au)\",\"direction_of_orbit\":\"Dirección de órbita\",\"group\":\"Grupo\"},\"galactic_properties\":{\"distance\":\"Distancia\",\"velocity\":\"Velocidad\"}}","language":"es"}},{"node":{"ns":"interface","data":"{\"locations\":{\"home\":\"Principal\",\"table_of_contents\":\"Índice\",\"checkpoint\":\"Punto de control\"},\"actions\":{\"review_your_answers\":\"Revise sus respuestas\",\"clear_answers\":\"Borrar todas las respuestas guardadas\",\"go_to_investigation\":\"Ir a investigación {{investigation}}\",\"print_answers\":\"Imprima sus respuestas\",\"download_answers\":\"Descargar respuestas\",\"close\":\"Cerrar\",\"pause\":\"Pausar\",\"play\":\"Reproducir\",\"reset\":\"Reiniciar\",\"play_or_pause\":\"Reproducir/Pausar\",\"skip_backward\":\"Saltar hacia adelante\",\"skip_forward\":\"Saltar hacia atrás\",\"edit\":\"Editar\",\"change_answer\":\"Cambiar respuesta\",\"select\":\"Seleccionar\",\"select_type\":\"Seleccionar un tipo\",\"save\":\"Guardar\",\"clear\":\"Borrar\"},\"debug\":{\"title\":\"¿Tiene problemas?\",\"instructions\":\"Si su formulario tiene problemas que no pueden resolverse al reiniciando <1>descargue este registro de depuración y adjúntelo en un correo a nuestros desarrolladores a <3>education@lsst.org.\"},\"errors\":{\"qas\":{\"answer_not_provided\":\"Respuesta no proporcionada\",\"answer_not_selected\":\"(nada seleccionado)\"},\"passphrase\":{\"mismatch\":\"Contraseña incorrecta\"},\"loading\":{\"video\":\"Error al cargar el video...\"}},\"formfields\":{\"passphrase\":{\"placeholder\":\"Contraseña\"},\"name\":{\"placeholder\":\"Nombre\",\"label\":\"Por favor, escriba su nombre\"}},\"notifications\":{\"answer_all_qa\":\"Por favor, responda todas las preguntas antes de continuar a la página siguiente.\"},\"table_of_contents\":{\"section_break\":\"Fin de la sección {{sectionName}}\",\"progress\":{\"pages_visited\":\"Páginas visitadas\",\"questions_answered\":\"Preguntas respondidas\"}},\"header\":{\"title\":\"{{investigation}}{{pageCount}}\",\"page_count\":\": Página {{current}} de {{total}}\",\"toc_open\":\"Abrir índice\",\"toc_close\":\"Cerrar índice\"},\"landing\":{\"welcome\":\"Bienvenido a la investigación {{investigation}}\",\"start\":\"Comenzar investigación {{investigation}}\",\"already_started\":\"Parece que ya ha comenzado esta investigación anteriormente.\"},\"educator_mode\":{\"title\":\"Modo Educador\"},\"qa_review\":{\"welcome\":\"¡Buen trabajo! Revisemos sus respuestas para la Investigación {{investigation}}.\",\"subtitle\":\"Investigación {{investigation}}: Preguntas & Respuestas\",\"name\":\"Nombre: {{name}}\",\"date\":\"Fecha: {{val, datetime}}\",\"export\":{\"worksheet_title\":\"Respuestas\",\"columns\":{\"student\":\"Estudiante\",\"investigation\":\"Investigación\",\"question\":\"Pregunta {{número}}\"}}},\"section_break\":{\"final_image\":\"section_break_final_es.gif\",\"banner_alt\":\"Imagen animada de fuegos artificiales\",\"title\":\"¡Felicitaciones!\"},\"qas\":{\"question_placeholder\":\"Marcador de pregunta: {{questionType}} Tipo de pregunta no existe\",\"question_placeholder_no-type\":\"Marcador de pregunta\",\"answer_pre\":\"Seleccionado
\",\"found_text\":\" encontrada\",\"and_text\":\" y \",\"text_input\":{\"label\":\"Complete este enunciado rellenando los espacios en blanco{{labelPre}}, vacío, {{labelPost}}\"},\"placeholders\":{\"select\":\"Seleccionar\"},\"options\":{\"yes\":\"sí\",\"no\":\"no\",\"closer\":\"más cerca de\",\"farther\":\"más lejos de\",\"long\":\"largo\",\"short\":\"corto\",\"almost_none\":\"Casi ninguno\",\"nearly_all\":\"Casi todos\",\"roughly_half\":\"Aproximadamente la mitad\",\"weaker\":\"más débil\",\"stronger\":\"más fuerte\",\"more\":\"más\",\"less\":\"menos\",\"most\":\"la mayoría\",\"many\":\"muchos\",\"few\":\"pocos\",\"none_of_the_above\":\"Ninguna de las anteriores\"}},\"language_toggle\":{\"legend\":\"Localizar el contenido del sitio\",\"label\":\"Idioma\",\"espanol_site_name\":\"Español\"},\"utilities\":{\"count_of_total\":\"{{count}} de {{total}}\"},\"early_access\":\"Acceso Anticipado\"}","language":"es"}},{"node":{"ns":"widgets","data":"{\"supernova_selector_with_light_curve\":{\"title\":\"Imágenes de Supernova\",\"title_secondary\":\"Curva de Luz\",\"messages\":{\"found\":\"¡Lo encontraste!\",\"correct\":\"¡Correcto!\",\"incorrect\":\"Intenta nuevamente.\"},\"blinker\":{\"altText\":\"Recorte para alerta {{alertId}}\"}},\"time_viewer\":{\"observation_date\":\"Fecha de observación\"},\"elapsed_time\":{\"title\":\"Tiempo transcurrido\",\"interval\":{\"hour\":\"Hora\",\"hour_plural\":\"Horas\",\"day\":\"Día\",\"day_plural\":\"Días\",\"year\":\"Año\",\"year_plural\":\"Años\"}},\"orbit_viewer\":{\"title\":\"Visualizador de órbitas\",\"details_hide\":\"Ocultar información\",\"details_show\":\"Información del objeto\",\"details_table\":{\"scientific_name\":\"Nombre científico\",\"absolute_magnitude\":\"Magnitud absoluta\",\"earth_moid\":\"MOID de la Tierra\",\"orbit_size\":\"Tamaño orbital\",\"eccentricity\":\"Excentricidad\",\"inclination\":\"Inclinación\",\"orbital_speed\":\"Velocidad orbital\"},\"playback\":{\"time_step\":\"Intervalo de Tiempo\",\"elapsed_time\":\"Tiempo transcurrido\",\"normal_time\":\"Tiempo Normal\",\"time_equivalence\":\"{{firstTime}} = {{secondTime}}\",\"time_equivalence_verbose\":\"{{firstTime}} es {{secondTime}}\",\"interval\":{\"secWithCount\":\"{{count}} segundo\",\"yearWithCount\":\"{{count}} año\",\"yearWithCount_plural\":\"{{count}} años\",\"day\":\"Día\",\"day_plural\":\"Días\",\"year\":\"Año\",\"year_plural\":\"Años\"}},\"bodies\":{\"sun\":\"Sol\"}},\"hubble_plotter\":{\"title\":\"Diagrama de Hubble\",\"galaxy_name_fallback\":\"Galaxia Activa\",\"labels\":{\"x_axis_fallback\":\"Distancia (Mpc)\",\"y_axis_fallback\":\"Velocidad (km/s)\",\"trendline\":\"pendiente = {{slope}}\"}},\"hubble_plot\":{\"title\":\"Diagrama de Hubble\",\"answer\":\"{{count}} punto graficado\",\"answer_plural\":\"{{count}} puntos punto graficados\"},\"galaxy_selector\":{\"title\":\"Selector de Galaxia\",\"actions\":{\"previous\":\"Galaxia Anterior\",\"next\":\"Galaxia Siguiente\"}},\"galaxy_supernova_selector\":{\"title\":\"Selector de Galaxia y Supernova\"},\"galaxy_scrambler\":{\"title\":\"Generador Aleatorio de Galaxias\"},\"galaxies_position\":{\"title\":\"Posiciones Relativas de las Galaxias en el Espacio\"}}","language":"es"}},{"node":{"ns":"expanding-universe","data":"{\"title\":\"Expanding Universe\",\"pages\":{\"expand1\":{\"title\":\"Introduction\",\"link\":\"/introduction/\"},\"expand2\":{\"title\":\"Using Supernovae to Measure Galaxy Distance\",\"link\":\"/acquiring-the-data/\"},\"expand3\":{\"title\":\"Identifying a Supernova\",\"link\":\"/acquiring-the-data-1/\"},\"expand4\":{\"title\":\"Using Redshifts to Determine Galaxy Recessional Velocities\",\"link\":\"/using-redshifts/\"},\"expand5\":{\"title\":\"Gathering the Data for a Hubble Plot - Galaxy 1\",\"link\":\"/interpreting-a-hubble-plot-1/\"},\"expand6\":{\"title\":\"Gathering the Data for a Hubble Plot - Galaxy 2\",\"link\":\"/interpreting-a-hubble-plot-1_2/\"},\"expand7\":{\"title\":\"Gathering the Data for a Hubble Plot - Galaxy 3\",\"link\":\"/interpreting-a-hubble-plot-1_3/\"},\"expand8\":{\"title\":\"Gathering the Data for a Hubble Plot - Galaxy 4\",\"link\":\"/interpreting-a-hubble-plot-1_4/\"},\"expand9\":{\"title\":\"Constructing a Hubble Plot\",\"link\":\"/interpreting-a-hubble-plot-2/\"},\"expand10\":{\"title\":\"Determining the Hubble Constant\",\"link\":\"/interpreting-a-hubble-plot-3/\"},\"expand12\":{\"title\":\"Determining the Rate of Expansion\",\"link\":\"/interpreting-a-hubble-plot-4/\"},\"expand13\":{\"title\":\"Interpreting the Rate of Expansion\",\"link\":\"/interpreting-a-hubble-plot-5/\"},\"expand14\":{\"title\":\"Testing the Expansion of the Universe from Other Galaxies\",\"link\":\"/testing-law/\"},\"expand16\":{\"title\":\"Using Evidence to Support Your Ideas\",\"link\":\"/using-evidence/\"},\"expand17\":{\"title\":\"The Universe Through Time\",\"link\":\"/universe-through-time/\"},\"expand18\":{\"title\":\"The Changing Hubble Constant\",\"link\":\"/lsst-hubble-plot/\"},\"expand20\":{\"title\":\"Reflect and Discuss\",\"link\":\"/discuss-report/\"},\"expand21\":{\"title\":\"Putting it all Together\",\"link\":\"/summary/\"},\"expand23\":{\"title\":\"Acknowledgements\",\"link\":\"/acknowledgements/\"},\"expanding-universe-1-break\":{\"title\":\"Progress Update\",\"link\":\"/section-1/\"},\"expanding-universe-2-break\":{\"title\":\"Progress Update\",\"link\":\"/section-2/\"},\"expanding-universe-3-break\":{\"title\":\"Progress Update\",\"link\":\"/section-3/\"},\"expanding-universe-4-break\":{\"title\":\"Progress Update\",\"link\":\"/section-4/\"}},\"content\":{\"expand1\":\"Have you ever wondered about the Universe? How did it begin? Has it changed over time? What will happen in the future? If you have, you're not alone! For centuries scientists have been trying to answer these kinds of questions.
About one hundred years ago, astronomer Edwin Hubble measured the distance to stars in the Andromeda Galaxy using a technique pioneered by Henrietta Leavitt. Hubble was surprised to discover that the Andromeda Galaxy was much farther away than all the stars and gas clouds in our galaxy, the Milky Way. His discovery made us realize that the Universe is much larger than we previously thought!
But Hubble's second discovery was even more revealing. Here's the backstory:
Vesto Slipher had previously measured redshifts to some galaxies and discovered almost all of these galaxies appeared to be moving away from Earth at astonishing speeds. (We refer to the speeds that galaxies appear to be moving away from Earth as recessional velocities.)
Hubble and his assistant Milton Humason began to study more galaxies using Slipher's technique to determine their speeds, and Leavitt's technique to measure galaxy distances. He then plotted the galaxy velocities vs. their distances. This type of graph is now known as a Hubble plot. At the right is the plot of Hubble's original data.
Hubble's observations provided strong evidence that the Universe is expanding, confirming the earlier theoretical models proposed by Albert Einstein and Georges Lemaitre. When Hubble first made his plot, he only had data for galaxies relatively close to Earth. We can now observe galaxies at great distances from Earth.
Vera C. Rubin Observatory will produce an unprecedented amount of new data from very dim and distant galaxies.These observations will provide a more refined Hubble plot by adding many more data points, helping us to better model the expansion of the Universe over time.
\",\"expand2\":\"In order to construct a Hubble plot, you need two pieces of information about each galaxy: its distance from Earth and its recessional velocity (the speed at which it’s moving away from Earth).
One of the most difficult challenges for astronomers is to determine distances to faraway objects like galaxies. One way to measure the distance to a galaxy is to look for a certain type of supernova (an exploded star) called a Type Ia (pronounced “type one-a”) supernova that is located within the galaxy. Type Ia supernovae are useful because they can all be standardized to determine their true peak luminosity no matter where they occur in the Universe. You can then use the peak luminosity to calculate the distance to the supernova. If you can measure the distance to a Type Ia supernova, then you also know the distance to the galaxy it resides in.
This picture shows a supernova in the galaxy M51. Notice that it is bright compared to the other stars in the galaxy, and even brighter than the core of the galaxy itself.
Supernovae are rare events. A supernova explodes in a large galaxy once every 50 years, but with Rubin Observatory’s ability to monitor billions of galaxies, we can find 1000 supernovae every night!
\",\"expand3\":\"Using Rubin data, astronomers will be able to measure the distance to the supernova and determine the redshift of its host galaxy.
Because supernovae often appear where no star was previously visible, they can be spotted by comparing images of the host galaxy taken at different times.
The images on this page show a supernova discovered in a galaxy. Can you find it? When you spot the supernova, click on it. If you have identified it correctly, a circle will appear around it.
\",\"expand4\":\"Rubin Observatory measures the brightness of a galaxy through multiple filters over a range of wavelengths. The galaxy's light through different filters is then compared to a set of models to determine how much the galaxy's light has been shifted to longer wavelengths, or redshifted. This technique produces a redshift value that is referred to as photometric redshift (z). A mathematical relationship is then used to calculate the recessional velocity (v) of the galaxy from its photometric redshift (z). The larger the galaxy’s photometric redshift, the faster the galaxy appears to be moving away from us.
Using this technique, Rubin Observatory will make a dramatic increase in the amount of redshift data for faint galaxies beyond what has previously been collected.
\",\"expand5\":\"You will begin by investigating four images of galaxies that contain supernovae. Your job is to identify the location of the galaxy and its companion supernova in each image.
The distances to the Type Ia supernovae and their host galaxies have already been determined. Supernova distances are measured in megaparsecs (Mpc). One megaparsec corresponds to a distance of roughly 3.3 million light years. Remember, because each supernova is in a galaxy, the distances to the supernova and the galaxy are the same. Clicking on the supernova will add the corresponding distance to the table.
The recessional velocities of these galaxies have been determined by using photometric redshift. Galaxy recessional velocities are measured in kilometers per second (km/s). Clicking on the galaxy will add the corresponding distance to the table.
Later in this investigation you will use the data for your four galaxies to create a Hubble plot.
\",\"expand10\":{\"0\":\"Use your Hubble plot to answer the questions.
\",\"1\":\"It's important to note that when we observe galaxies that appear to be moving away from us, we are not observing the actual movement of galaxies through space. A useful way to think about why galaxies appear to move away from each other is to think of galaxies fixed to a certain point in space, and that space is expanding. This causes galaxies to become farther apart from one another.
The relationship you have been exploring between a galaxy’s recessional velocity and its distance is known as the Hubble-Lemaitre Law.
\"},\"expanding-universe-1-break\":\"You’ve observed that all galaxies appear to be moving away, with more distant galaxies moving faster, indicating that the Universe is expanding.
Next, you will investigate how fast the Universe is expanding. Then you will observe how the Universe expands when viewed from different locations.
\",\"expand12\":\"Click and drag on the plot to add a trendline that best fits your data. The slope of this trendline is known as the Hubble Constant, which indicates the rate of expansion for the Universe.
\",\"expand13\":\"The steepness of the slope of a Hubble plot corresponds with the rate of expansion of the Universe. A steeper slope indicates a faster rate of expansion. Therefore, a larger value for the Hubble Constant will correspond with a faster expansion rate for the Universe.
\",\"expand14\":\"Your observations from our location in the Milky Way Galaxy show that the Universe is expanding. Will observers in other galaxies also detect expansion in the same way?
We will begin by viewing new data for five galaxies observed from the Milky Way Galaxy.
Select a galaxy from the menu by clicking on one of the star icons (on the left side of the Hubble plot) to see what the Hubble plots would look like for astronomers in each of the five galaxies.
Rotate and zoom the tool on the right to help visualize the relative positions of galaxies in space. Note: this does not imply that the Universe is rotating or expanding.
\",\"expanding-universe-2-break\":\"You’ve measured an expansion rate for the Universe from your data, and verified that all locations observe the Universe to be expanding in exactly the same way, leading to the conclusion that the Universe does not have a center.
Next, you will explore a larger dataset of galaxies and determine if the expansion rate has changed over time.
\",\"expand16\":\"It might be tempting to imagine that Earth is the center of the Universe if you don’t consider the perspective of observers in other galaxies.
Throughout most of human history, the center of the Universe was thought to be Earth. Aristarchus of Samos in the 3rd Century BC challenged this idea by proposing that Earth orbited the Sun, which placed the Sun at the center of the Universe. However, his ideas were not accepted by the scientists of the time. In 1543, Polish astronomer Nicholas Copernicus wrote On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, which again proposed that the Sun is the center of the Universe. His idea was also rejected by the scientific community until Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei produced telescopic evidence that proved Earth was not at the center of the Universe.
Often breakthroughs in understanding, such as there being no center to the Universe, come as a result of challenging the popular theories or beliefs of the time.
\",\"expand17\":\"The Hubble plot can be used to provide an indirect measure for how the Universe has changed over time. When we observe objects in the Universe, we must take into account that the light we receive has traveled vast distances over a long period of time. As a result, we are actually seeing these objects not as they are now, but as they were in the past.
\",\"expand18\":{\"0\":\"Your Hubble plot was made from observations of a small sample of nearby galaxies. Rubin Observatory will detect millions of supernovae in host galaxies that are much farther away and dimmer than the galaxies you have investigated so far. This plot shows the galaxies you plotted (as colored points), and data for over a thousand supernovae and galaxies (as grey points) detected by Rubin Observatory.
Notice not all the data points fit onto the trendline.
\",\"1\":\"Observations of distant galaxies are leading to new insights about the Universe: The expansion rate of the Universe has changed over time. Many cosmologists attribute this change to the role of dark energy. Astronomers are actively engaged in new research to better understand the nature of dark energy. There are still many more secrets of the Universe to discover.
\"},\"expand23\":\"This investigation was created by the Education and Public Outreach program of the Vera C. Rubin Observatory Construction project. In an effort to create and test this investigation prior to the start of Operations, we rely on the data of our scientific colleagues. In particular, this investigation was made possible thanks to data from the Zwicky Transient Facility and services provided by the alert stream broker ANTARES. We have also made use of the python library Astropy, a community-developed core Python package for astronomy.
We thank the following instructors who volunteered to pilot test this investigation:
The team would also like to thank Keith Bechtol for useful scientific discussions in the development of this investigation.
Vera C. Rubin Observatory is a Federal project jointly funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science, with early construction funding received from private donations through the LSST Corporation. The NSF-funded LSST (now Rubin Observatory) Project Office for construction was established as an operating center under the management of the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA). The DOE-funded effort to build the Rubin Observatory LSST Camera (LSSTCam) is managed by SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC).
Data is based on observations obtained with the Samuel Oschin 48-inch Telescope at the Palomar Observatory as part of the Zwicky Transient Facility project. ZTF is supported by the National Science Foundation and a collaboration including Caltech, IPAC, the Weizmann Institute for Science, the Oskar Klein Center at Stockholm University, the University of Maryland, the University of Washington, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron and Humboldt University, Los Alamos National Laboratories, the TANGO Consortium of Taiwan, the University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories. Operations are conducted by COO, IPAC, and UW.
The ANTARES project has been supported by the National Science Foundation through a cooperative agreement with the Association of University for Research in Astronomy (AURA) for the operation of NOAO, through an NSF INSPIRE grant to the University of Arizona (CISE AST-1344024, PI: R. Snodgrass), and through a grant from the Heising-Simons Foundation.
\",\"expanding-universe-3-break\":\"You’ve made the connection that observations of distant galaxies reveal what the Universe was like a long time ago, and discovered that the expansion rate of the Universe has increased over time.
Next, you will summarize all that you have learned and draw connections to how your observations provide supporting evidence for the Big Bang theory.
\"},\"images\":{\"expand1\":{\"altText\":\"Velocity-Distance Relation among Extra-Galactic Nebulae. Radial velocities, corrected for solar motion, are plotted against distances estimated from involved stars and mean luminosities of nebulae in a cluster. The black discs and full line represent the solution for solar motion using the nebulae individually; the circles and broken line represent the solution combining the nebulae into groups; the cross represents the mean velocity corresponding to the mean distance of 22 nebulae whose distances could not be estimated individually.\",\"figText\":\"The original “Velocity-Distance Relation among Extra-Galactic Nebulae,” created by Edwin Hubble and published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, March 15, 1929 15 (3) 168-173; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.15.3.168.\"},\"expand2\":{\"altText\":\"SN2005cs in M15\",\"figText\":\"SN2005cs, the supernova discovered in 2005 exploding in the spiral arms of M51 —also known as the Whirlpool Galaxy. Credit & Copyright: R. Jay Gabany\"},\"expand4\":{\"altText\":\"Graphic showing different galaxies at different distances from the Milky Way galaxy\",\"figText\":\"Measuring the photometric redshifts (z) of galaxies from our location in the Milky Way Galaxy (MWG) allows us to calculate the recessional velocities (v) for distant galaxies. Credit: Rubin Observatory\"},\"expand16\":{\"mediaPath\":\"/images/expanding-universe/using-evidence-en.png\",\"altText\":\"A person with more evidence thinks differently than one group with less evidence.\",\"figText\":\"Adding new evidence can change commonly-held opinions or ideas. Credit: Rubin Observatory\"},\"expand17\":{\"mediaPath\":\"/images/expanding-universe/p10-en.jpg\",\"altText\":\"Universe through time\",\"figText\":\"A graphical representation of how the Universe has changed through time. Credit: Rubin Observatory\"}},\"videos\":{},\"questions\":{\"1\":{\"label\":\"Click on a point on the image to select the supernova
\",\"answerPre\":\"Selected Supernova: \"},\"7\":{\"label\":\"Click and drag anywhere on the Hubble plot to add a trendline
\",\"answerPre\":\"Hubble Constant: \"},\"8\":{\"label\":\"If scientists make observations that establish the Hubble Constant to be 57 (km/s)/Mpc, would that indicate the Universe is expanding faster or slower than your data suggest?\"},\"9\":{\"label\":\"In the Hubble plot, the data from galaxy observations all fall along a straight line. Are the galaxies actually positioned in space along a straight line?\",\"placeholder\":\"Select yes/no\"},\"10\":{\"placeholder\":\"Select the best description\",\"label\":\"If alien astronomers living in Galaxy #2 were to view a Hubble plot from their position in the Universe, where would their galaxy appear on the plot?\",\"options\":{\"0\":\"next to the origin\",\"1\":\"next to the Milky Way Galaxy\",\"2\":\"the third dot from the origin\",\"3\":\"at the origin\"}},\"11\":{\"label\":\"Is the relationship between the distance of a galaxy and the velocity of a galaxy the same or different than what you observed from the Milky Way Galaxy? Explain.\"},\"12\":{\"label\":\"How does the Hubble Constant for the observations made by the alien astronomers in Galaxy #2 compare to the Hubble Constant you measured from Earth (in the Milky Way Galaxy)?\"},\"13\":{\"label\":\"Does this mean that the alien astronomers and Earth astronomers are observing the Universe expanding at the same rate or at different rates? If different, who observes the Universe expanding faster?\"},\"14\":{\"label\":\"Do your observations suggest that astronomers at all locations in the Universe would observe that all galaxies are moving away from them?\"},\"16\":{\"label\":\"What do the above observations imply about the center of the Universe?\",\"placeholder\":\"Select the best description\",\"options\":{\"0\":\"the Universe is centered on the Milky Way Galaxy\",\"1\":\"the Universe is centered on some other single location\",\"2\":\"all locations observe the Universe to be expanding in the same way and therefore there is no center\"}},\"17\":{\"labelPre\":\"The galaxy farthest from us provides information from a time that is \",\"labelPost\":\" in the history of the Universe.\",\"options\":{\"0\":\"more recent\",\"1\":\"long ago\"}},\"18\":{\"label\":\"Was the Universe smaller or larger a long time ago?\"},\"19\":{\"label\":\"Are the galaxies getting closer together or farther apart as the Universe gets older?\"},\"20\":{\"label\":\"Do your data (colored points) agree with the Rubin Observatory data (grey points) for nearby galaxies regarding the expansion of the Universe? Explain.\"},\"21\":{\"labelPre\":\"For the more distant galaxies, the data \",\"labelPost\":\" fit the trendline.\",\"options\":{\"0\":\"do\",\"1\":\"do not\"}},\"22\":{\"labelPre\":\"The region on the plot where the data do not fit the trendline corresponds to \",\"labelPost\":\" in the history of the Universe.\",\"options\":{\"0\":\"a long time ago\",\"1\":\"more recent times\"}},\"23\":{\"labelPre\":\"The slope of the Hubble plot for galaxies that are far away is \",\"labelPost\":\" than the slope for nearby galaxies.\",\"options\":{\"0\":\"flatter\",\"1\":\"steeper\"}},\"24\":{\"label\":\"A long time ago, was the Universe expanding faster or slower than it is now? Explain your reasoning.\"},\"25\":{\"label\":\"Would you have been able to determine that the expansion rate of the Universe is changing with time if you had only your data from nearby galaxies? Explain why or why not.\"},\"26\":{\"label\":\"How do the data from this investigation provide supporting evidence for the Big Bang Theory? Explain what aspects of the Big Bang Theory are addressed and how they are supported.\"},\"27\":{\"labelPre\":\"(Choose the two variables that best complete this sentence) To construct a Hubble Plot you need to determine the \",\"labelPost\":\" of galaxies.\",\"options\":{\"0\":\"color\",\"1\":\"brightness\",\"2\":\"distance\",\"3\":\"recessional velocity\",\"4\":\"age\"}},\"28\":{\"labelPre\":\"We observe the light from distant galaxies to be \",\"options\":{\"0\":\"redshifted\",\"1\":\"blueshifted\"}},\"29\":{\"labelPre\":\" indicating that these galaxies are all moving \",\"labelPost\":\" us,\",\"options\":{\"0\":\"toward\",\"1\":\"away from\"}},\"30\":{\"labelPre\":\" and that the Universe is \",\"options\":{\"0\":\"expanding\",\"1\":\"contracting\"}},\"33\":{\"labelPre\":\"The light we receive from distant objects tells us what the Universe was like \",\"options\":{\"0\":\"a long time ago\",\"1\":\"close to our time\"}},\"34\":{\"labelPre\":\" while the light we receive from nearby objects tells us what the Universe was like \",\"options\":{\"0\":\"a long time ago\",\"1\":\"from more recent times\"}},\"35\":{\"labelPre\":\"The slope of a Hubble plot is \",\"labelPost\":\"for data from very distant objects compared to nearby objects.\",\"options\":{\"0\":\"steeper\",\"1\":\"flatter\"}},\"36\":{\"labelPre\":\"Since the expansion rate of the Universe determined by observing distant objects is \",\"labelPost\":\"than the expansion rate determined by observing nearby objects, \",\"options\":{\"0\":\"faster\",\"1\":\"slower\"}},\"37\":{\"labelPre\":\" the expansion rate of the Universe is\",\"labelPost\":\" as time goes on.\",\"options\":{\"0\":\"speeding up\",\"1\":\"slowing down\"}},\"39\":{\"labelPre\":\"A Universe that is slowly expanding would have a Hubble plot with a slope that is \",\"options\":{\"0\":\"steeper\",\"1\":\"flatter\"}},\"40\":{\"labelPre\":\"The Hubble plot for an observer in a different galaxy would also indicate that all galaxies are moving \",\"labelPost\":\" them.\",\"options\":{\"0\":\"towards\",\"1\":\"away from\"}},\"41\":{\"labelPre\":\"Observations of the expansion of the Universe from different locations reveal that the Universe \",\"options\":{\"0\":\"does not have a center\",\"1\":\"has an edge\"}},\"252\":{\"label\":\"For each galaxy, click on the plot to add a point with values close to the galaxy’s distance and velocity. You can move a point by clicking and dragging it or by using the keyboard arrows. You can also zoom on the plot for more accurate point placement. To zoom, first place the cursor over the point, or the place where you want to reposition it, then scroll using your mouse or trackpad.
\"},\"321\":{\"label\":\"Describe a time when you (or someone you know) had an idea or opinion that went against what is commonly accepted by most people. What evidence did you use to try to convince others to consider your idea or opinion?
\"},\"350\":{\"label\":\"Identify the supernova by clicking on it. A colored circle should appear when you have correctly located it. Then identify the center of the galaxy by clicking on it. Another colored circle should appear when you have correctly located it. Your data for galaxy distance and velocity will automatically appear in the table. Repeat this process for each galaxy in the following pages.
\"},\"351\":{\"label\":\"Identify the supernova by clicking on it. A colored circle should appear when you have correctly located it. Then identify the center of the galaxy by clicking on it. Another colored circle should appear when you have correctly located it. Repeat this process for each galaxy in the following pages.
\"},\"352\":{\"label\":\"Identify the supernova by clicking on it. A colored circle should appear when you have correctly located it. Then identify the center of the galaxy by clicking on it. Another colored circle should appear when you have correctly located it. Repeat this process for the galaxy on the next page.
\"},\"353\":{\"label\":\"Identify the supernova by clicking on it. A colored circle should appear when you have correctly located it. Then identify the center of the galaxy by clicking on it. Another colored circle should appear when you have correctly located it.
\"},\"9wvB2h\":{\"labelPre\":\"The photometric redshift technique is used to determine the\",\"labelPost\":\"of a galaxy.\"},\"SPKuvL\":{\"labelPre\":\"Measuring the peak luminosity of a Type Ia supernova allows us to calculate the\",\"labelPost\":\"of its host galaxy.\"},\"ptdzo4\":{\"label\":\"We are observing these galaxies from Earth’s location within the Milky Way Galaxy. Where would you put a point on this plot to indicate the location of the Milky Way Galaxy?\"},\"u1k70n\":{\"label\":\"Based on your data, how many of the galaxies appear to be moving away from the Milky Way Galaxy?\"},\"J2O3iY\":{\"labelPre\":\"Far away galaxies appear to be moving away from the Milky Way Galaxy \",\"labelPost\":\" than nearby galaxies.\",\"srLabel\":\"Far away galaxies appear to be moving away from the Milky Way Galaxy \",\"placeholder\":\"Select a speed\",\"options\":{\"0\":\"slower\",\"1\":\"faster\"},\"answerPre\":\"Far away galaxies appear to be moving away from the Milky Way Galaxy \",\"answerPost\":\" than nearby galaxies.\"},\"wG2DXn\":{\"label\":\"Does this mean that nearby galaxies are going to catch up to farther away galaxies? Explain using the data on your plot.\"},\"hiS7kV\":{\"label\":\"Does this mean that the distance between galaxies is staying the same, getting larger, or getting smaller with time? Explain.\"},\"zPtxBU\":{\"labelPre\":\"This means that the Universe is \",\"placeholder\":\"Select a size\",\"options\":{\"0\":\"expanding (getting larger)\",\"1\":\"contracting (getting smaller)\"},\"answerPre\":\"This means that the Universe is \"},\"7_1\":{\"label\":\"Scientists currently estimate the Hubble Constant to be between 67.7 and 74.0 (km/s)/Mpc. How does your value of the Hubble Constant compare to these values?
\"},\"qoEv2j\":{\"label\":\"At the beginning of the investigation, you were asked to share what you think expansion can reveal about the Universe. Look back to the first page of the investigation to reflect on your initial response. Now that you have explored data for the Universe’s rate of expansion over time and considered the rate of expansion from other galaxies, how would you revise your initial response?\"},\"zLMJA7\":{\"label\":\"What do you think expansion can reveal about the Universe?\"}},\"widgets\":{\"hubble_plotter\":{\"galaxies\":{\"0\":{\"name\":\"Galaxy #1\"},\"1\":{\"name\":\"Galaxy #2\"},\"2\":{\"name\":\"Galaxy #3\"},\"3\":{\"name\":\"Galaxy #4\"},\"4\":{\"name\":\"Galaxy #5\"},\"5\":{\"name\":\"Galaxy #6\"}}}},\"tables\":{\"1\":{\"rowTitles\":{\"0\":\"Galaxy #1\",\"1\":\"Galaxy #2\",\"2\":\"Galaxy #3\",\"3\":\"Galaxy #4\"},\"colTitles\":{\"0\":\"Velocity\",\"1\":\"Distance\"}}}}","language":"en"}},{"node":{"ns":"solar-system","data":"{\"title\":\"Surveying the Solar System\",\"pages\":{\"solarsystem00\":{\"title\":\"Introduction\",\"link\":\"/introduction/\"},\"solarsystem02\":{\"title\":\"Detecting Solar System Objects\",\"link\":\"/detecting-objects/\"},\"solarsystem04\":{\"title\":\"Semi-Major Axis\",\"link\":\"/semi-major-axis/\"},\"solarsystem05\":{\"title\":\"Eccentricity\",\"link\":\"/eccentricity/\"},\"solarsystem06\":{\"title\":\"Inclination\",\"link\":\"/inclination/\"},\"solarsystem07\":{\"title\":\"The Big View of the Solar System\",\"link\":\"/big-view/\"},\"solarsystem08\":{\"title\":\"Characterizing Near-Earth Objects (NEOs)\",\"link\":\"/characterizing-neo/\"},\"solarsystem09\":{\"title\":\"Characterizing Main Belt Asteroids (MBAs)\",\"link\":\"/characterizing-mba/\"},\"solarsystem10\":{\"title\":\"Characterizing Trans-Neptunian Objects (TNOs)\",\"link\":\"/characterizing-tno/\"},\"solarsystem11\":{\"title\":\"Characterizing Comets\",\"link\":\"/characterizing-comet/\"},\"solarsystem12\":{\"title\":\"Comparing Orbital Properties\",\"link\":\"/characterizing-orbits-4/\"},\"solarsystem13\":{\"title\":\"Distributions of Solar System Objects\",\"link\":\"/identifying-groups/\"},\"solar-system-1-break\":{\"title\":\"Progress Update\",\"link\":\"/section-1/\"},\"solarsystem14\":{\"title\":\"Identifying Groups of Solar System Objects - 1\",\"link\":\"/identifying-groups-1/\"},\"solarsystem15\":{\"title\":\"Identifying Groups of Solar System Objects - 2\",\"link\":\"/identifying-groups-2/\"},\"solarsystem16\":{\"title\":\"Identifying Groups of Solar System Objects - 3\",\"link\":\"/identifying-groups-3/\"},\"solarsystem17\":{\"title\":\"Identifying Groups of Solar System Objects - 4\",\"link\":\"/identifying-groups-4/\"},\"solarsystem18\":{\"title\":\"The Formation of the Solar System\",\"link\":\"/history-solar-system/\"},\"solarsystem19\":{\"title\":\"Supporting Evidence for Solar System Formation\",\"link\":\"/history-solar-system-1/\"},\"solarsystem19a\":{\"title\":\"Gravitational Interactions in the Solar System\",\"link\":\"/nebula-theory/\"},\"solar-system-2-break\":{\"title\":\"Progress Update\",\"link\":\"/section-2/\"},\"solarsystem22\":{\"title\":\"Classifying Newly Detected Solar System Objects\",\"link\":\"/classifying-objects/\"},\"solarsystem23\":{\"title\":\"Classifying Newly Detected Solar System Objects - 2\",\"link\":\"/classifying-objects-1/\"},\"solarsystem24\":{\"title\":\"Classifying Newly Detected Solar System Objects - 3\",\"link\":\"/classifying-objects-2/\"},\"solarsystem28\":{\"title\":\"Exploring A New Class of Objects\",\"link\":\"/solar-system-summary/\"},\"solarsystem29\":{\"title\":\"Student Team A’s Drawing\",\"link\":\"/orbital-interpretation/\"},\"solarsystem30\":{\"title\":\"Student Team B’s Drawing\",\"link\":\"/orbital-interpretation-1/\"},\"solarsystem31\":{\"title\":\"Student Team C’s Drawing\",\"link\":\"/orbital-interpretation-2/\"},\"solarsystem33\":{\"title\":\"Categorizing your New Discoveries\",\"link\":\"/categorizing-new-discoveries/\"},\"solarsystem34\":{\"title\":\"Putting it all Together\",\"link\":\"/solar-system-summary-6/\"},\"solarsystem36\":{\"title\":\"Reflect and Discuss\",\"link\":\"/solar-system-discuss-report/\"},\"solarsystem37\":{\"title\":\"Acknowledgements\",\"link\":\"/acknowledgements/\"}},\"content\":{\"solarsystem00\":\"For hundreds of years we had a simple model for the objects in our Solar System: some large planets and their moons, and occasionally a passing comet. Then came the discovery of the first asteroid, Ceres, in 1801, an indication there was more going on out there than we thought. Sure enough, over the next 200 years about 800,000 small Solar System objects (which includes asteroids, comets, and trans-Neptunian objects) were discovered. At first the rate of discovery was slow, but advances in technology, which have made it possible to detect smaller and more distant objects, have sped up the process.
Vera C. Rubin Observatory provides the most powerful observational tool we’ve ever had to study small Solar System objects; the size of the telescope’s mirrors and the sensitivity of its camera combine with the speed that the telescope surveys the night sky to help us see more objects in our Solar System than ever before. Each image taken by Rubin Observatory covers a large area of the sky, and captures light even from very faint objects, making it possible to measure the motions of millions of small Solar System objects per night. Many of these are brand new discoveries.
In this investigation, you will explore real data from Rubin Observatory to develop a deeper understanding of how small objects are distributed throughout the Solar System. You will also examine the orbits of some newly detected Solar System objects, in order to classify them. Together, these observations will help us put together the story of how our Solar System formed, and give us insights into what we might find around other stars that have exoplanets.
Each night, the Rubin Observatory LSST camera takes two images of the same star field, at least thirty minutes apart. The images are compared by computer software, and if anything has moved an alert is automatically generated, and the data sent to the IAU Minor Planet Center (MPC). Within hours, the MPC determines a preliminary orbit for the object.
Here are some sample observations of moving Solar System objects. Observe how each object moves through the star field. Both images cover the same area of the sky (same field of view).
\",\"solarsystem04\":\"By making a series of careful measurements, astronomers can determine the orbit for a newly discovered Solar System object. Three properties used to describe an orbit are used throughout this investigation.
Orbital size is related to the orbit's semi-major axis (which is defined as half of the longest diameter of the object's orbit). It is measured in astronomical units (au). You can also think of the orbit's semi-major axis as its average distance from the Sun.
\",\"solarsystem05\":\"Eccentricity describes how elliptical (i.e., oval shaped) an orbit is. Eccentricity values range from 0 to almost 1. An eccentricity of 0 describes a perfectly circular orbit. The larger the eccentricity, the more elliptical the orbit.
\",\"solarsystem06\":\"Inclination (i) is the angle at which the object’s orbital plane (yellow) is tilted, relative to Earth’s orbital plane (blue) around the Sun. A value of 0° means that the object's orbit is parallel with Earth’s orbit. A value of 90° means that the object's orbit is tilted at a right angle to Earth’s orbit. If an object has an orbit with inclination greater than 90°, it will be orbiting in a direction opposite to Earth’s orbital direction.
\",\"solarsystem07\":\"Rubin Observatory will discover millions of new Solar System objects, and will provide an enormous data set that gives us a more comprehensive view of the objects’ distribution. The more we know about the distribution and properties of objects in our Solar System, the more we understand about how it formed.
Most small Solar System objects we have discovered can be classified into four groups:
To better understand the differences between the four groups, you will analyze orbital data for each group. The first group you will examine are the near-Earth objects (NEOs). NEOs are objects with orbits that intersect or get very close to the orbit of Earth.
Click on each icon found to the left of the histogram to examine the different orbital properties of NEOs. If you place your mouse above each bar on the histogram, the exact number of objects for the bar will appear. Some of the bars are so small that you might not notice them without looking carefully!
Decide which of the statements provided below best describes the orbital properties of NEOs.
NEOs are asteroids or comets whose orbit intersects or gets very close to the orbit of Earth.
\",\"solarsystem09\":\"MBAs are objects that orbit the Sun between the orbits of Mars (1.5 au) and Jupiter (5.2 au).
Decide which of the statements provided below best describes the orbital properties of MBAs.
\",\"solarsystem10\":\"TNOs are objects that orbit the Sun at or beyond the orbit of Neptune, at a distance of about 30 au and beyond. This area includes the Kuiper Belt and the entire region out to the inner Oort Cloud, which begins at approximately 2000 au from the Sun.
Decide which of the statements provided below best describes the orbital properties of TNOs.
\",\"solarsystem11\":\"Comets are icy objects found throughout the Solar System.
Decide which of the statements provided below best describes the orbital properties of comets.
\",\"solarsystem13\":\"Now you will explore a histogram of the number of all small Solar System objects on the y-axis vs. size of orbit on the x-axis.
Note: the scale of the y-axis changes for each of the histograms.
Click on each icon found to the left of the histogram to change the group.
\",\"solarsystem14\":\"Use the Orbit Viewer to explore the orbital characteristics of a representative set of objects from one of the four groups. All of the displayed points and their motions represent real objects. Click and drag to change the angle at which you view the orbits. You can also zoom in and out. Use the buttons in the bottom of the Orbit Viewer to play, pause, or skip forward or backward. Click the reset zoom and orientation button to return to the original view of these objects. You can change time for the displayed motion by moving the bead on the Time Step scale located at the right of the Orbit Viewer (to a maximum of 1year/second).
\",\"solarsystem15\":\"Use the Orbit Viewer to explore this group.
\",\"solarsystem18\":{\"0\":\"According to the solar nebula theory, a spinning cloud of dust and gas collapsed due to gravity and the young Sun began to form at the center, while dusty and icy objects began to grow by repeated collisions with each other in a flattened disk surrounding the Sun. The Sun, planets, and the disk surrounding it retained the same direction of motion as the spinning cloud that formed the Sun.
There is significant evidence to support this theory. Observations of star-forming regions reveal similar disks around young stars in other parts of the galaxy. Another piece of evidence that supports the theory is the fact that rocky planets formed close to the Sun (where temperatures were hotter) and icy planets formed at greater distances (where temperatures were much cooler).
\",\"1\":\"The Oort Cloud is a spherical region of icy objects that exists at the outermost edges of the Solar System (extending from a distance of 1000 - 100,000 au), thought to have formed after the collapse of the solar nebula. One idea suggests that gravitational interactions between large planets and small Solar System objects in the early years of the Solar System slung small objects outwards to form the Oort Cloud. Another idea suggests the Sun’s gravity could have plucked some objects from other nearby solar systems.
\"},\"solarsystem19\":\"We can also find evidence to support the solar nebula theory by studying the motions of objects within the Solar System. To validate this evidence, view a histogram that shows inclinations of all four groups of Solar System objects and look for overall patterns in the way objects orbit the Sun. (Remember, any inclination greater than 90 degrees indicates an object that is orbiting backwards.)
\",\"solarsystem19a\":{\"0\":\"Although the majority of small Solar System objects have orbital characteristics that support the solar nebula theory, a small fraction of them have very eccentric or highly inclined orbits, and some even orbit the Sun in the opposite direction as the planets.
We can apply Newton’s laws and gravity to help explain these observations:
\",\"1\":\"From the early days of the Solar System to the present time, there have been many such interactions between objects and as a result, the orbits of some small objects in the Solar System are still changing.
\"},\"solarsystem22\":\"Many small Solar System objects have been recently discovered by Rubin Observatory. You now have the chance to apply what you have learned to classify three such objects. Your choices for classifying each object are:
Use the orbital properties in the table you constructed above to help you determine which group this newly discovered object belongs to.
\",\"solarsystem23\":\"Use the orbital properties in the table you constructed above to help you determine which group this newly discovered object belongs to.
\",\"solarsystem29\":\"The drawings above were produced by a student team to represent the data from these newly discovered small objects.
\",\"solarsystem33\":\"Here is the actual orbit viewer for this new group of objects.
\",\"solarsystem37\":\"This investigation was created by the Education and Public Outreach program of the Vera C. Rubin Observatory Construction project. In an effort to create and test this investigation prior to the start of Operations, we rely on the data of our scientific colleagues. In particular, this investigation has made use of data and/or services provided by the International Astronomical Union’s Minor Planet Center.
We thank the following instructors who volunteered to pilot test this investigation:
The team would also like to thank Siegfried Eggl, Henry Hsieh, and Mike Kelley for useful scientific discussions in the development of this investigation.
Vera C. Rubin Observatory is a Federal project jointly funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science, with early construction funding received from private donations through the LSST Corporation. The NSF-funded LSST (now Rubin Observatory) Project Office for construction was established as an operating center under the management of the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA). The DOE-funded effort to build the Rubin Observatory LSST Camera (LSSTCam) is managed by SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC).
\",\"solarsystem-1-break\":\"You’ve identified the orbital properties of the four main groups of small Solar System objects.
Next, you will use these characteristics to classify four unknown objects and learn how the orbits of small bodies provide evidence for the formation of the Solar System.
\",\"solarsystem-2-break\":\"You’ve classified the four unknown objects, and learned how gravitational interactions of small objects and their inclinations provide evidence for the formation of the Solar System.
Next you will investigate data from a new group of Solar System objects and decide how you would communicate this new discovery.
\"},\"images\":{\"solarsystem00\":{\"altText\":\"The evolution of worlds by Lowell\",\"figText\":\"Orbits of the outer planets as described in “The Evolution of Worlds,” a book published in the first decade of the 1900s by Percival Lowell.\"},\"solarsystem04\":{\"mediaPath\":\"/images/solar-system/semi-major-minor-axes-en.png\",\"altText\":\"An image indicating the semi-major and semi-minor axis of an ellipse.\",\"figText\":\"An image indicating the semi-major and semi-minor axis of an ellipse. Credit: Rubin Observatory.\"},\"solarsystem05\":{\"mediaPath\":\"/images/solar-system/orbital-characteristics-en.gif\",\"altText\":\"Examples of orbital ellipses with different eccentricities.\",\"figText\":\"Examples of orbital ellipses with different eccentricities. Credit: Rubin Observatory\"},\"solarsystem07\":{\"mediaPath\":\"/images/solar-system/big-view-en.png\",\"altText\":\"Big View of the Solar System\",\"figText\":\"Credit: Rubin Observatory\"},\"solarsystem18\":{\"0\":{\"altText\":\"Hubble Space Telescope image shows a large, edge-on, gas-and-dust disk encircling the star Beta Pictoris. The light of the central star has been blocked out.\",\"figText\":\"This Hubble Space Telescope image shows a large, edge-on, gas-and-dust disk encircling the star Beta Pictoris. The light of the central star has been blocked out. Credits: NASA, ESA, University of Arizona.\"},\"1\":{\"altText\":\"Illustration of the Solar System, the Kuiper Belt, and the Oort Cloud. This illustration is not to scale.\",\"figText\":\"The Oort Cloud is a spherical shell of icy objects occupying the outermost regions the Solar System. (Drawing not to scale.) Credit: Rubin Observatory\"}},\"solarsystem19a\":{\"mediaPath\":\"/images/solar-system/interactions-en.png\",\"altText\":\"Interactions between objects\",\"figText\":\"How orbits of small Solar System objects can change. Credit: Rubin Observatory\"},\"solarsystem29\":{\"mediaPath\":\"/images/solar-system/student-drawing-A-en.svg\",\"altText\":\"A student illustration of a top and side view of the solar system showing the Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Neptune with several orbital paths that pass between Jupiter and Neptune with a range of eccentricities and similar inclinations.\"},\"solarsystem30\":{\"mediaPath\":\"/images/solar-system/student-drawing-B-en.svg\",\"altText\":\"A student illustration of a top and side view of the solar system showing the Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Neptune with several orbital paths that pass between Jupiter and Neptune with a range of eccentricities and inclinations.\"},\"solarsystem31\":{\"mediaPath\":\"/images/solar-system/student-drawing-C-en.svg\",\"altText\":\"A student illustration of a top and side view of the solar system showing the Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Neptune with several orbital paths that pass mostly between with a range of eccentricities and inclinations.\"},\"solarsystem36\":{\"altText\":\"Reflect and Discuss\"}},\"reference\":{\"planetary_orbital_sizes\":{\"title\":\"Planetary Orbital Sizes\"}},\"videos\":{\"solarsystem06\":{\"mediaPath\":\"solar-system/inclination-animated-graphic-en.mp4\",\"altText\":\"Examples of orbital ellipses with different inclinations.\",\"figText\":\"Examples of orbital ellipses with different inclinations. Credit: Rubin Observatory\"}},\"questions\":{\"1\":{\"label\":\"Estimate the time it takes each object to move from its first to last position. (The times are displayed in the upper right corner of each image.) Is the amount of time it takes for the two objects to move across the sky approximately the same?\"},\"2\":{\"label_pre\":\"The object that takes a longer time to move across the field of view is \",\"label_post\":\" the Sun, \"},\"4\":{\"label\":\"Eccentricity: \",\"options\":{\"0\":{\"label\":\"Most orbits are similar to the shape of Earth’s orbit (0.0 - 0.3)\",\"value\":\"Similar to Earth’s (0.0 - 0.3)\"},\"1\":{\"label\":\"Most orbits are noticeably more elliptical than the shape of Earth’s orbit (greater than 0.3)\",\"value\":\"More elliptical than Earth’s (greater than 0.3)\"},\"2\":{\"label\":\"There is an equal distribution across all shapes of orbits\",\"value\":\"Wide range of shapes\"}}},\"5\":{\"label\":\"Inclination: \",\"options\":{\"0\":{\"label\":\"Most orbits are similar to the tilt of Earth’s orbital plane (0-20°).\",\"value\":\"Similar to Earth’s (0-20°)\"},\"1\":{\"label\":\"Most orbits are tilted compared to Earth’s orbital plane (more than 20°).\",\"value\":\"More tilted than Earth's (more than 20°)\"},\"2\":{\"label\":\"There is an equal distribution across all tilts of the orbits.\",\"value\":\"Wide range in tilts\"}}},\"6\":{\"label\":\"Size of the orbit: \",\"placeholder\":\"Select best description of NEOs\",\"options\":{\"0\":{\"label\":\"All of the orbits are within the inner Solar System (between 0.5 - 4 au).\",\"value\":\"Within inner Solar System (between 0.5 - 4 au)\"},\"1\":{\"label\":\"All of the orbits are within the inner Solar System (between 1.5 - 5.2 au).\",\"value\":\"Within inner Solar System (between 1.5 - 5.2 au)\"},\"2\":{\"label\":\"The orbit sizes are 30 au or larger, and objects typically orbit beyond Neptune.\",\"value\":\"In the outer Solar System (30 au or larger)\"},\"3\":{\"label\":\"The orbit sizes span both the inner and outer Solar System, beyond 30 au.\",\"value\":\"Span inner and outer Solar System (beyond 30 au)\"}}},\"7\":{\"label\":\"Direction of the orbit (remember, an inclination greater than 90° indicates that the object orbits the Sun opposite the direction of Earth’s orbit): \",\"options\":{\"0\":{\"label\":\"Almost all objects orbit the Sun in the same direction as Earth’s orbit.\",\"value\":\"Same direction as Earth’s\"},\"1\":{\"label\":\"More than 10% of the objects orbit the Sun in the opposite direction of Earth’s orbit (i >90°).\",\"value\":\"Opposite direction as Earth’s (i >90°)\"}}},\"8\":{\"placeholder\":\"Select best description of MBAs\"},\"12\":{\"placeholder\":\"Select best description of TNOs\"},\"16\":{\"placeholder\":\"Select best description of comets\"},\"20\":{\"label\":\"What differences exist between the different groups of objects? Provide at least three examples.\"},\"21\":{\"label\":\"Rubin Observatory will make thousands of observations of our Solar System over the next decade. Do you think the number of any of these groups will change substantially? Which one(s), and why?\"},\"22\":{\"label\":\"Refer to your table of observations from the previous section. Which of the four groups do you think this is? Explain your reasoning in terms of the unique set of orbital properties that defines this group of objects.\"},\"23\":{\"label\":\"Refer to your table of observations from the previous section. Which of the four groups do you think this is? Explain your reasoning in terms of the unique set of orbital properties that defines this group of objects.\"},\"31\":{\"label\":\"Many comets are thought to originate from the Oort Cloud. Explain why these comets might have very inclined orbits compared to other types of Solar System objects.\"},\"32\":{\"labelPost\":\"of the small Solar System objects have orbits that lie in the orbital plane of the planets.\"},\"33\":{\"label\":\"How do the range of values for the inclination for the small objects of the Solar System support the nebular theory?\"},\"34\":{\"label\":\"Imagine a close encounter in space between two objects, one with a large mass, and one with a small mass. As the objects approach each other, the gravitational forces they exert on each other must be equal according to Newton’s Third Law. Which object would experience a greater acceleration (change in its direction and speed)? Hint: think about Newton’s Second Law (force = mass X acceleration).\",\"options\":{\"0\":\"The more massive object would have its direction and speed affected more\",\"1\":\"The less massive object would have its direction and speed affected more\",\"2\":\"Both objects would experience the same change in direction and speed\"}},\"46\":{\"label\":\"What is this object's name?\"},\"47\":{\"label\":\"What type of object is this?\"},\"48\":{\"label\":\"Explain why you chose this type. What data/evidence supports your choice?\"},\"55\":{\"label\":\"Do you agree or disagree with the orbital characteristics displayed in Student Team A’s drawing above? Explain your reasoning.\"},\"56\":{\"label\":\"Do you agree or disagree with the orbital characteristics displayed in Student Team B’s drawing above? Explain your reasoning.\"},\"57\":{\"label\":\"Do you agree or disagree with the orbital characteristics displayed in Student Team C’s drawing above? Explain your reasoning.\"},\"58\":{\"labelPre\":\"Based on the data you have determined for this new group of objects, \",\"labelPost\":\" of them orbit the Sun in the opposite direction of Earth’s orbit.\"},\"59\":{\"label\":\"Based on their orbit size, between which two planets are these new objects located?\"},\"73\":{\"label\":\"The asteroid `Oumuamua and comet Borisov were discovered while they were passing through our Solar System, but each came from different solar systems. Based on what you have learned about gravitational interactions, provide an explanation for how these objects were able to leave their solar systems.\"},\"74\":{\"label\":\"Comets often come very close to the Sun during their orbits. Comets are able to remain icy even after a close trip around the Sun. Explain how this can happen based on what you know about the changing speed of the comet during its orbit and the amount of time it spends near the Sun.\"},\"80\":{\"label\":\"Which orbital characteristic(s) makes these objects different from the other four groups of objects you studied earlier? Explain.\"},\"81\":{\"label\":\"You are presenting the findings of your science team at an international science conference and are sharing for the first time the name you selected for your newly discovered group of solar system objects. What name do you propose?\"},\"82\":{\"label\":\"Provide an explanation that defends why you chose this name.\"},\"83\":{\"label\":\"Your team is designing its media strategy to bring the greatest awareness to this discovery. How would you communicate your findings?\"},\"200\":{\"label\":\"Based on the histogram, rank the total number of small Solar System objects in each group, from most to least:\"},\"350\":{\"labelPre\":\"In addition to mass, the distance between the two objects is a factor in determining the gravitational force between the objects. Objects that are farther apart will have a \",\"labelPost\":\" gravitational force between them\"},\"351\":{\"labelPre\":\"and are \",\"labelPost\":\" likely to experience a change in their orbits.\"},\"20a\":{\"label\":\"Which group of objects will experience the greatest change in orbital speed during one orbital period? Explain your reasoning.\"},\"32a\":{\"labelPost\":\"of the Solar System objects orbit in the opposite direction of the planets around the Sun.\"}},\"widgets\":{\"solarsystem08\":{\"orbital_properties\":{\"0\":{\"title\":\"NEO Orbit Sizes\",\"labels\":{\"y_axis\":\"Number of NEOs\"}},\"1\":{\"title\":\"NEO Eccentricities\"},\"2\":{\"title\":\"NEO Inclinations\"}}},\"solarsystem09\":{\"orbital_properties\":{\"0\":{\"title\":\"MBA Orbit Sizes\",\"labels\":{\"y_axis\":\"Number of MBAs\"}},\"1\":{\"title\":\"MBA Eccentricities\"},\"2\":{\"title\":\"MBA Inclinations\"}}},\"solarsystem10\":{\"orbital_properties\":{\"0\":{\"title\":\"TNO Orbit Sizes\",\"labels\":{\"y_axis\":\"Number of TNOs\"}},\"1\":{\"title\":\"TNO Eccentricities\"},\"2\":{\"title\":\"TNO Inclinations\"}}},\"solarsystem11\":{\"orbital_properties\":{\"0\":{\"title\":\"Comet Orbit Sizes\",\"labels\":{\"y_axis\":\"Number of comets\"}},\"1\":{\"title\":\"Comet Eccentricities\"},\"2\":{\"title\":\"Comet Inclinations\"}}},\"solarsystem13\":{\"orbital_properties\":{\"0\":{\"labels\":{\"x_axis\":\"NEO Orbit Sizes (au)\"}},\"1\":{\"labels\":{\"x_axis\":\"MBA Orbit Sizes (au)\"}},\"2\":{\"labels\":{\"x_axis\":\"TNO Orbit Sizes (au)\"}},\"3\":{\"labels\":{\"x_axis\":\"Comet Orbit Sizes (au)\"}}}},\"solarsystem19\":{\"orbital_properties\":{\"labels\":{\"y_axis\":\"Number of Objects\",\"tooltip\":\"Objects\"}}}},\"tables\":{\"2\":{\"colTitles\":{\"0\":\"Name\",\"1\":\"Type\",\"2\":\"Data/Evidence\"}},\"newGroupProperties\":{\"colTitles\":{\"0\":\"New Group Property\",\"1\":\"Range\",\"2\":\"Most Common\"},\"label\":\"Your team discovers a new group of small objects that do not seem to fall into any of the four major groups you have investigated so far. Use the histograms to complete the table below.\"}}}","language":"en"}},{"node":{"ns":"expanding-universe","data":"{\"title\":\"Universo en expansión\",\"pages\":{\"expand1\":{\"title\":\"Introducción\",\"link\":\"/introduction/\"},\"expand2\":{\"title\":\"Utilizando las Supernovas para Medir la Distancia de las Galaxias\",\"link\":\"/acquiring-the-data/\"},\"expand3\":{\"title\":\"Identificar una Supernova\",\"link\":\"/acquiring-the-data-1/\"},\"expand4\":{\"title\":\"Utilizando los Redshifts para Determinar la Velocidad de Recesión de las Galaxias\",\"link\":\"/using-redshifts/\"},\"expand5\":{\"title\":\"Recopilación de Datos para un Diagrama de Hubble - Galaxia 1\",\"link\":\"/interpreting-a-hubble-plot-1/\"},\"expand6\":{\"title\":\"Recopilación de Datos para un Diagrama de Hubble - Galaxia 2\",\"link\":\"/interpreting-a-hubble-plot-1_2/\"},\"expand7\":{\"title\":\"Recopilación de Datos para un Diagrama de Hubble - Galaxia 3\",\"link\":\"/interpreting-a-hubble-plot-1_3/\"},\"expand8\":{\"title\":\"Recopilación de Datos para un Diagrama de Hubble - Galaxia 4\",\"link\":\"/interpreting-a-hubble-plot-1_4/\"},\"expand9\":{\"title\":\"Construyendo un Diagrama de Hubble\",\"link\":\"/interpreting-a-hubble-plot-2/\"},\"expand10\":{\"title\":\"Determinando la Constante de Hubble\",\"link\":\"/interpreting-a-hubble-plot-3/\"},\"expand12\":{\"title\":\"Determinando la Velocidad de Expansión\",\"link\":\"/interpreting-a-hubble-plot-4/\"},\"expand13\":{\"title\":\"Interpretando la Velocidad de Expansión\",\"link\":\"/interpreting-a-hubble-plot-5/\"},\"expand14\":{\"title\":\"Probando la Expansión del Universo desde otras Galaxias\",\"link\":\"/testing-law/\"},\"expand16\":{\"title\":\"Usando la Evidencia para Apoyar tus Ideas\",\"link\":\"/using-evidence/\"},\"expand17\":{\"title\":\"El Universo a través del Tiempo\",\"link\":\"/universe-through-time/\"},\"expand18\":{\"title\":\"La Cambiante Constante de Hubble\",\"link\":\"/lsst-hubble-plot/\"},\"expand20\":{\"title\":\"Reflexionar y Discutir\",\"link\":\"/discuss-report/\"},\"expand21\":{\"title\":\"Resumiendo Todo\",\"link\":\"/summary/\"},\"expand23\":{\"title\":\"Agradecimientos\",\"link\":\"/acknowledgements/\"},\"expanding-universe-1-break\":{\"title\":\"Actualización de Progreso\",\"link\":\"/section-1/\"},\"expanding-universe-2-break\":{\"title\":\"Actualización de Progreso\",\"link\":\"/section-2/\"},\"expanding-universe-3-break\":{\"title\":\"Actualización de Progreso\",\"link\":\"/section-3/\"},\"expanding-universe-4-break\":{\"title\":\"Actualización de Progreso\",\"link\":\"/section-4/\"}},\"content\":{\"expand1\":\"¿Alguna vez te has preguntado cosas sobre el Universo? ¿Cómo empezó? ¿Ha cambiado con el tiempo? ¿Qué ocurrirá en el futuro? Si es así, ¡no estás solo(a)! Durante siglos los científicos han intentado responder a este tipo de preguntas.
Hace unos cien años atrás, el astrónomo Edwin Hubble midió la distancia a las estrellas de la Galaxia Andrómeda utilizando una técnica iniciada por Henrietta Leavitt. Hubble se sorprendió al descubrir que la Galaxia Andrómeda estaba mucho más lejos que todas las estrellas y nubes de gas en nuestra galaxia, la Vía Láctea. ¡Su descubrimiento nos hizo darnos cuenta de que el Universo es mucho más grande de lo que pensábamos!
Pero el segundo descubrimiento de Hubble fue aún más revelador. Esta es la historia:
Vesto Slipher había medido previamente los redshifts o desplazamientos al rojo de algunas galaxias y descubrió que casi todas estas galaxias parecían estar alejándose de la Tierra a velocidades extraordinarias. (las velocidades en las que las galaxias parecen estar alejándose de la Tierra las conocemos como velocidades de recesión.)
Hubble y su asistente Milton Humason comenzaron a estudiar más galaxias utilizando la técnica de Slipher para determinar sus velocidades, y la técnica de Leavitt para medir las distancias de las galaxias. Luego, trazó las velocidades de las galaxias versus sus distancias. Este tipo de diagrama se conoce ahora como Diagrama de Hubble. A la derecha está el gráfico de los datos originales de Hubble.
Las observaciones de Hubble proporcionaron pruebas fehacientes de que el Universo está en expansión, confirmando los modelos teóricos anteriores propuestos por Albert Einstein y Georges Lemaître. Cuando Hubble realizó su primer trazado, sólo disponía de datos de galaxias relativamente cercanas a la Tierra. Ahora podemos observar galaxias a grandes distancias de la Tierra.
El Observatorio Vera C. Rubin producirá una cantidad sin precedentes de nuevos datos de galaxias muy tenues y distantes. Estas observaciones proporcionarán un diagrama de Hubble más refinado al añadir muchos más puntos de datos, ayudándonos a modelar mejor la expansión del Universo a lo largo del tiempo.
\",\"expand2\":\"Para construir un diagrama de Hubble, se necesitan dos datos sobre cada galaxia: su distancia a la Tierra y su velocidad de recesión (la velocidad a la que se aleja de la Tierra).
Uno de los retos más difíciles para los astrónomos es determinar las distancias a objetos lejanos como las galaxias. Una forma de medir la distancia a una galaxia es buscar un determinado tipo de supernova (una estrella que explota) llamada supernova de tipo Ia (se pronuncia “tipo uno-a“) que se encuentre dentro de la galaxia. Las supernovas de tipo Ia son útiles porque todas ellas pueden estandarizarse para determinar su verdadero punto máximo de luminosidad sin importar en qué parte del Universo se produzcan. A partir de la luminosidad máxima se puede calcular la distancia a la supernova. Si se puede medir la distancia a una supernova de tipo Ia, también se puede conocer la distancia a la galaxia en la que se encuentra.
Esta imagen muestra una supernova en la galaxia M51. Observa que es brillante en comparación con las demás estrellas de la galaxia, e incluso más brillante que el núcleo de la propia galaxia.
Las supernovas son fenómenos poco frecuentes. Una supernova explota en una galaxia grande una vez cada 50 años, pero gracias a la capacidad del Observatorio Rubin para monitorear miles de millones de galaxias, ¡podemos encontrar 1.000 supernovas cada noche!
\",\"expand3\":\"Con los datos de Rubin, los astrónomos podrán medir la distancia a la supernova y determinar el desplazamiento al rojo de su galaxia anfitriona.
Como las supernovas suelen aparecer en lugares donde antes no se veía ninguna estrella, pueden detectarse comparando imágenes de la galaxia anfitriona tomadas en distintos tiempos.
Las imágenes de esta página muestran una supernova descubierta en una galaxia. ¿Puedes encontrarla? Cuando localices la supernova, haz clic sobre ella. Si la has identificado correctamente, aparecerá un círculo a su alrededor.
\",\"expand4\":\"El Observatorio Rubin mide el brillo de una galaxia a través de múltiples filtros en un rango de longitudes de onda. A continuación, la luz de la galaxia a través de los distintos filtros se compara con un conjunto de modelos para determinar cuánto se ha desplazado la luz de la galaxia hacia longitudes de onda más largas, es decir, hacia el rojo. Esta técnica produce un valor de desplazamiento al rojo que se denomina desplazamiento al rojo fotométrico (z). Luego, se utiliza una relación matemática para calcular la velocidad de recesión (v) de la galaxia a partir de su desplazamiento al rojo fotométrico (z). Cuanto mayor es el desplazamiento al rojo fotométrico de la galaxia, más rápido parece alejarse de nosotros.
Con esta técnica, el Observatorio Rubin aumentará drásticamente la cantidad de datos sobre desplazamientos al rojo de galaxias tenues, por encima de lo que se había recopilado hasta ahora.
\",\"expand5\":\"Comenzarás investigando cuatro imágenes de galaxias que contienen supernovas. Tu trabajo consiste en identificar la ubicación de la galaxia y su supernova compañera en cada imagen.
Ya se han determinado las distancias a las supernovas de tipo Ia y a sus galaxias anfitrionas. Las distancias de las supernovas se miden en megaparsecs (Mpc). Un megaparsec corresponde a una distancia de aproximadamente 3,3 millones de años luz. Recuerda que, dado que cada supernova se encuentra en una galaxia, las distancias a la supernova y a la galaxia son las mismas. Al hacer clic en la supernova se añadirá la distancia correspondiente a la tabla.
Las velocidades de recesión de estas galaxias se han determinado utilizando el desplazamiento al rojo fotométrico. Las velocidades de recesión de las galaxias se miden en kilómetros por segundo (km/s). Al hacer clic en la galaxia se añadirá la distancia correspondiente a la tabla.
Más adelante en esta investigación utilizarás los datos de tus cuatro galaxias para crear un diagrama de Hubble.
\",\"expand10\":{\"0\":\"Utiliza tu diagrama de Hubble para responder a las preguntas.
\",\"1\":\"Es importante señalar que cuando observamos galaxias que parecen alejarse de nosotros, no estamos observando el movimiento real de las galaxias a través del espacio. Una forma útil de pensar por qué las galaxias parecen alejarse unas de otras es pensar que las galaxias están fijas en un punto determinado del espacio y que éste se está expandiendo. Esto hace que las galaxias se alejen mutuamente.
La relación que has estado explorando entre la velocidad de recesión de una galaxia y su distancia se conoce como Ley de Hubble-Lemaître.
\"},\"expanding-universe-1-break\":\"Con esto has observado que todas las galaxias parecen alejarse, y que las más distantes se mueven más rápido, lo que indica que el Universo se está expandiendo.
A continuación, investigarás a qué velocidad se expande el Universo. Luego observarás cómo se expande el Universo visto desde diferentes lugares.
\",\"expand12\":\"Haz clic y arrastra sobre el gráfico para añadir la línea de tendencia que mejor se ajuste a tus datos. La pendiente de esta línea de tendencia se conoce como Constante de Hubble, que indica la velocidad de expansión del Universo.
\",\"expand13\":\"La inclinación de la pendiente de un diagrama de Hubble corresponde a la velocidad de expansión del Universo. Una pendiente más pronunciada indica un ritmo de expansión más rápido. Por lo tanto, un valor mayor de la Constante de Hubble corresponderá a un ritmo de expansión más rápido del Universo.
\",\"expand14\":\"Tus observaciones desde nuestra ubicación en la Vía Láctea muestran que el Universo se está expandiendo. Los observadores de otras galaxias, ¿detectarán también la expansión del mismo modo?
Comenzaremos viendo los nuevos datos de cinco galaxias observadas desde la Vía Láctea.
Selecciona una galaxia del menú haciendo clic en uno de los iconos de estrella (a la izquierda del diagrama de Hubble) para ver cómo serían los diagramas de Hubble para los astrónomos en cada una de las cinco galaxias.
Gira y haz zoom a la herramienta de la derecha para visualizar las posiciones relativas de las galaxias en el espacio. Nota: esto no implica que el Universo esté rotando o expandiéndose.
\",\"expanding-universe-2-break\":\"Acabas de medir una tasa de expansión para el Universo a partir de tus datos, y has verificado que todas las localizaciones observan que el Universo se expande exactamente de la misma manera, lo que lleva a la conclusión de que el Universo no tiene un centro.
A continuación, explorarás un conjunto de datos más amplio de galaxias y determinarás si la velocidad de expansión ha cambiado con el tiempo.
\",\"expand16\":\"Puede ser tentador imaginar que la Tierra es el centro del Universo si no se tiene en cuenta la perspectiva de los observadores en otras galaxias.
Durante la mayor parte de la historia de la humanidad se pensó que la Tierra era el centro del Universo. En el siglo III a.C., Aristarco de Samos cuestionó esta idea al proponer que la Tierra orbitaba alrededor del Sol, lo que situaba a éste en el centro del Universo. Sin embargo, sus ideas no fueron aceptadas por los científicos de la época. En 1543, el astrónomo polaco Nicolás Copérnico escribió Sobre las Revoluciones de las Orbes Celestes, que volvía a proponer que el Sol era el centro del Universo. Su idea también fue rechazada por la comunidad científica hasta que el astrónomo italiano Galileo Galilei presentó pruebas telescópicas que demostraban que la Tierra no estaba en el centro del Universo.
Los continuos avances en el conocimiento, como la inexistencia de un centro en el Universo, son el resultado de cuestionar las teorías o creencias populares de la época.
\",\"expand17\":\"El diagrama de Hubble puede utilizarse para proporcionar una medida indirecta de cómo ha cambiado el Universo a lo largo del tiempo. Cuando observamos objetos en el Universo, debemos tener en cuenta que la luz que recibimos ha recorrido grandes distancias durante un largo periodo de tiempo. En consecuencia, no vemos los objetos tal y como son ahora, sino tal y como eran en el pasado.
\",\"expand18\":{\"0\":\"Tu diagrama de Hubble se creó a partir de observaciones de una pequeña muestra de galaxias cercanas. El Observatorio Rubin detectará millones de supernovas en galaxias anfitrionas que están mucho más lejos y son menos brillantes que las galaxias que has investigado hasta ahora. Este diagrama muestra las galaxias que has trazado (como puntos de color), y los datos de más de mil supernovas y galaxias (como puntos grises) detectadas por el Observatorio Rubin.
Observa que no todos los puntos de datos encajan en la línea de tendencia.
\",\"1\":\"Las observaciones de galaxias lejanas permiten comprender mejor el Universo: La velocidad de expansión del Universo ha cambiado con el tiempo. Muchos cosmólogos atribuyen este cambio al rol que desempeña la energía oscura. Los astrónomos participan activamente en nuevas investigaciones para comprender mejor la naturaleza de la energía oscura. Aún quedan muchos más secretos del Universo por descubrir.
\"},\"expand23\":\"Esta investigación fue creada por el programa de Educación y Divulgación Pública del proyecto de Construcción del Observatorio Vera C. Rubin. En un esfuerzo por crear y probar esta investigación antes del inicio de las operaciones, nos basamos en los datos de nuestros colegas científicos. En particular, esta investigación ha sido posible gracias a los datos de la Instalación Zwicky para la detección de transitorios y a los servicios proporcionados por el sistema de alertas ANTARES. También hemos utilizado la biblioteca de python Astropy, un paquete básico de Python para astronomía desarrollado por la comunidad.
Agradecemos a los siguientes instructores que se hicieron voluntarios para realizar una prueba piloto de esta investigación:
El equipo también quiere agradecer a Keith Bechtol por las útiles discusiones científicas durante el desarrollo de esta investigación.
El Observatorio Vera C. Rubin es un proyecto federal financiado conjuntamente por la Fundación Nacional de Ciencias (NSF) de EE.UU y la Oficina de Ciencia del Departamento de Energía (DOE) de EE.UU, con financiamiento inicial para la construcción recibida de donaciones privadas a través de la Corporación LSST. La Oficina del Proyecto LSST (ahora Observatorio Rubin) para la construcción, financiada por la NSF, se estableció como centro operativo bajo la dirección de la Asociación de Universidades para la Investigación en Astronomía (AURA). El esfuerzo financiado por el DOE para construir la Cámara LSST del Observatorio Rubin (LSSTCam) está gestionado por el Laboratorio Nacional del Acelerador SLAC (SLAC).
Los datos se basan en observaciones obtenidas con el Telescopio Samuel Oschin de 48 pulgadas en el Observatorio Palomar como parte del proyecto de la Instalación Zwicky para la detección de transitorios (ZTF). ZTF cuenta con el apoyo de la Fundación Nacional de Ciencias de EE.UU y una colaboración que incluye a Caltech, IPAC, el Instituto Weizmann para la Ciencia, el Centro Oskar Klein de la Universidad de Estocolmo, la Universidad de Maryland, la Universidad de Washington, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron y la Universidad Humboldt, los Laboratorios Nacionales de Los Álamos, el Consorcio TANGO de Taiwán, la Universidad de Wisconsin en Milwaukee y los Laboratorios Nacionales Lawrence Berkeley. Las operaciones están a cargo de COO, IPAC y UW.
El proyecto ANTARES ha sido apoyado por la Fundación Nacional de Ciencias de EE.UU a través de un acuerdo de cooperación con la Asociación de Universidades para la Investigación en Astronomía (AURA) para la operación de NOAO, a través de una subvención NSF INSPIRE a la Universidad de Arizona (CISE AST-1344024, PI: R. Snodgrass), y a través de una subvención de la Fundación Heising-Simons.
\",\"expanding-universe-3-break\":\"Con esto, has comprendido que las observaciones de las galaxias distantes revelan cómo era el Universo hace mucho tiempo, y has descubierto que la tasa de expansión del Universo ha aumentado con el tiempo.
A continuación, resumirás todo lo que has aprendido y relacionarás tus observaciones con las pruebas que apoyan la teoría del Big Bang.
\"},\"images\":{\"expand1\":{\"altText\":\"Relación Velocidad-Distancia entre Nebulosas Extragalácticas. Aquí, las velocidades radiales (corregidas para el movimiento solar) se muestran frente a las distancias estimadas de las estrellas involucradas y las luminosidades promedio de las nebulosas de un cúmulo. Los discos negros y la línea continua representan la solución para el movimiento solar utilizando las nebulosas de forma individual; los círculos y la línea discontinua representan la solución combinando las nebulosas en grupos; la cruz representa la velocidad promedio correspondiente a la distancia media de 22 nebulosas cuyas distancias no pudieron estimarse individualmente.\",\"figText\":\"La “Relación entre la Velocidad y la Distancia entre Nebulosas Extragalácticas“ original, creada por Edwin Hubble y publicada en las Actas de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias, el 15 de marzo de 1929 15 (3) 168-173; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.15.3.168.\"},\"expand2\":{\"altText\":\"SN2005cs en M15\",\"figText\":\"SN2005cs, la supernova descubierta en 2005 que explotó en los brazos espirales de M51 –también conocida como la Galaxia Remolino. Créditos y derechos de autor: R. Jay Gabany\"},\"expand4\":{\"altText\":\"Gráfico que muestra diferentes galaxias a distintas distancias de la Vía Láctea\",\"figText\":\"La medición de los desplazamientos al rojo fotométricos (z) de las galaxias desde nuestra posición en la Vía Láctea nos permite calcular las velocidades de recesión (v) de las galaxias lejanas. Créditos: Observatorio Rubin\"},\"expand16\":{\"mediaPath\":\"/images/expanding-universe/using-evidence-es.png\",\"altText\":\"Una persona con más evidencia piensa de forma diferente a un grupo con menos evidencia\",\"figText\":\"La incorporación de nuevas evidencias puede cambiar opiniones o ideas comúnmente aceptadas. Créditos: Observatorio Rubin\"},\"expand17\":{\"mediaPath\":\"/images/expanding-universe/p10-es.jpg\",\"altText\":\"El Universo a través del tiempo\",\"figText\":\"Representación gráfica de cómo ha cambiado el Universo a lo largo del tiempo. Créditos: Observatorio Rubin\"}},\"videos\":{},\"questions\":{\"1\":{\"label\":\"Haga clic en el punto de la imagen para seleccionar la supernova
\",\"answerPre\":\"Supernova Seleccionada: \"},\"7\":{\"label\":\"Haga clic y arrastre cualquier lugar del diagrama de Hubble para añadir una línea de tendencia
\",\"answerPre\":\"Constante de Hubble: \"},\"8\":{\"label\":\"Si los científicos realizaran observaciones que establecieran que la Constante de Hubble es de 57 (km/s)/Mpc, ¿eso indicaría que el Universo se expande más rápido o más lento de lo que sugieren sus datos?\"},\"9\":{\"label\":\"En el diagrama de Hubble, todos los datos de las observaciones de las galaxias se encuentran a lo largo de una línea recta. ¿Están las galaxias realmente localizadas en el espacio a lo largo de una línea recta?\",\"placeholder\":\"Seleccione sí/no\"},\"10\":{\"placeholder\":\"Seleccione la mejor descripción\",\"label\":\"Si los astrónomos extraterrestres que viven en la Galaxia nº 2 vieran un diagrama de Hubble desde su posición en el Universo, ¿dónde aparecería su galaxia en el gráfico?\",\"options\":{\"0\":\"al lado del origen\",\"1\":\"al lado de la Galaxia, la Vía Láctea\",\"2\":\"el tercer punto desde el origen\",\"3\":\"en el origen\"}},\"11\":{\"label\":\"¿La relación entre la distancia de una galaxia y la velocidad de una galaxia es igual o diferente a la que observaste en la Vía Láctea? Explique.\"},\"12\":{\"label\":\"¿Cómo se compara la Constante de Hubble de las observaciones realizadas por los astrónomos extraterrestres en la Galaxia nº 2 con la Constante de Hubble que has medido desde la Tierra (en la Galaxia Vía Láctea)?\"},\"13\":{\"label\":\"¿Esto significa que los astrónomos extraterrestres y los astrónomos terrestres observan el Universo expandiéndose al mismo ritmo o a ritmos diferentes? Si son diferentes, ¿quién observa que el Universo se expande más rápido??\"},\"14\":{\"label\":\"¿Tus observaciones sugieren que los astrónomos de todos los lugares del Universo observarían que todas las galaxias se alejan de ellos?\"},\"16\":{\"label\":\"¿Qué implican las observaciones anteriores sobre el centro del Universo?\",\"placeholder\":\"Seleccione la mejor descripción\",\"options\":{\"0\":\"el centro del Universo se encuentra en la Galaxia, la Vía Láctea\",\"1\":\"el centro del Universo se encuentra en algún otro lugar\",\"2\":\"todos los lugares observan que el Universo se está expandiendo de la misma forma y por lo tanto no existe un centro\"}},\"17\":{\"labelPre\":\"La galaxia más alejada de nosotros proporciona información de una época \",\"labelPost\":\" en la historia del Universo.\",\"options\":{\"0\":\"más reciente\",\"1\":\"más antigua\"}},\"18\":{\"label\":\"¿Era el Universo más pequeño o más grande hace mucho tiempo?\"},\"19\":{\"label\":\"¿A medida que el Universo envejece, las galaxias se acercan o se alejan?\"},\"20\":{\"label\":\"¿Coinciden tus datos (puntos de color) con los del Observatorio Rubin (puntos grises) para las galaxias cercanas en cuanto a la expansión del Universo? Explique.\"},\"21\":{\"labelPre\":\"Para las galaxias más distantes, los datos \",\"labelPost\":\" se ajustan a la línea de tendencia.\",\"options\":{\"0\":\"sí\",\"1\":\"no\"}},\"22\":{\"labelPre\":\"La región del gráfico en la que los datos no se ajustan a la línea de tendencia corresponde a \",\"labelPost\":\" en la historia del Universo.\",\"options\":{\"0\":\"hace mucho tiempo\",\"1\":\"tiempos más recientes\"}},\"23\":{\"labelPre\":\"La pendiente del diagrama de Hubble para galaxias lejanas es \",\"labelPost\":\" que la pendiente para las galaxias cercanas.\",\"options\":{\"0\":\"más plana\",\"1\":\"más pronunciada\"}},\"24\":{\"label\":\"Hace mucho tiempo, ¿se expandía el Universo más deprisa o más despacio que ahora? Explica tu razonamiento.\"},\"25\":{\"label\":\"¿Habrías podido determinar que la velocidad de expansión del Universo está cambiando con el tiempo si sólo hubieras tenido los datos de las galaxias cercanas? Explique por qué sí o por qué no.\"},\"26\":{\"label\":\"¿De qué forma los datos de esta investigación apoyan la teoría del Big Bang? Explica qué aspectos de la teoría del Big Bang se abordan y cómo se apoyan.\"},\"27\":{\"labelPre\":\"(Elige las dos variables que mejor completen esta frase) Para construir un Diagrama de Hubble es necesario determinar \",\"labelPost\":\" de las galaxias.\",\"options\":{\"0\":\"el color\",\"1\":\"el brillo\",\"2\":\"la distancia\",\"3\":\"la velocidad de recesión\",\"4\":\"la edad\"}},\"28\":{\"labelPre\":\"Observamos la luz de las galaxias distantes en el \",\"options\":{\"0\":\"desplazamiento al rojo o redshift\",\"1\":\"desplazamiento al azul o blueshift\"}},\"29\":{\"labelPre\":\" lo que indica que todas estas galaxias se están \",\"labelPost\":\" nosotros,\",\"options\":{\"0\":\"acercando a\",\"1\":\"alejándose de\"}},\"30\":{\"labelPre\":\" y que el Universo se está \",\"options\":{\"0\":\"expandiendo\",\"1\":\"contrayendo\"}},\"33\":{\"labelPre\":\"La luz que recibimos de los objetos lejanos nos dice cómo era el Universo \",\"options\":{\"0\":\"hace mucho tiempo\",\"1\":\"cerca de nuestro tiempo\"}},\"34\":{\"labelPre\":\" mientras que la luz que recibimos de objetos cercanos nos dice cómo era el Universo \",\"options\":{\"0\":\"hace mucho tiempo\",\"1\":\"en tiempos más recientes\"}},\"35\":{\"labelPre\":\"La pendiente de un diagrama de Hubble es \",\"labelPost\":\"para los datos de objetos muy distantes comparados con los objetos cercanos.\",\"options\":{\"0\":\"más pronunciada\",\"1\":\"más plana\"}},\"36\":{\"labelPre\":\"Dado que la tasa de expansión del Universo determinada por la observación de objetos distantes es \",\"labelPost\":\"que la tasa de expansión determinada por la observación de objetos cercanos, \",\"options\":{\"0\":\"más rápida\",\"1\":\"más lenta\"}},\"37\":{\"labelPre\":\" la tasa de expansión del Universo se está\",\"labelPost\":\" a medida que pasa el tiempo.\",\"options\":{\"0\":\"acelerando\",\"1\":\"ralentizando\"}},\"39\":{\"labelPre\":\"Un Universo que se expande lentamente tendría un diagrama de Hubble con una pendiente \",\"options\":{\"0\":\"más pronunciada\",\"1\":\"más plana\"}},\"40\":{\"labelPre\":\"El diagrama de Hubble para un observador en una galaxia diferente también indicaría que todas las galaxias se \",\"labelPost\":\" ellos.\",\"options\":{\"0\":\"acercan a\",\"1\":\"alejan de\"}},\"41\":{\"labelPre\":\"Las observaciones de la expansión del Universo desde distintos lugares revelan que el Universo \",\"options\":{\"0\":\"no tiene un centro\",\"1\":\"tiene un borde\"}},\"252\":{\"label\":\"Para cada galaxia, haz clic en el gráfico para añadir un punto con valores cercanos a la distancia y velocidad de la galaxia. Puedes mover un punto haciendo clic y arrastrándolo o utilizando las flechas del teclado. También puedes hacer zoom sobre el gráfico para colocar los puntos con mayor precisión. Para hacer zoom, coloca primero el cursor sobre el punto, o el lugar donde deseas reposicionarlo, y luego desplázate con el mouse o el touchpad.
\"},\"321\":{\"label\":\"Describe una ocasión en la que tú (o alguien que conozcas) tuviste una idea u opinión que iba en contra de lo comúnmente aceptado por la mayoría de la gente. ¿Qué pruebas utilizaste para intentar convencer a los demás de que tuvieran en cuenta tu idea u opinión?
\"},\"350\":{\"label\":\"Identifica la supernova haciendo clic sobre ella. Cuando la hayas localizado correctamente, aparecerá un círculo de color. A continuación, identifica el centro de la galaxia haciendo clic sobre él. Aparecerá otro círculo de color cuando lo hayas localizado correctamente. Los datos de distancia y velocidad de la galaxia aparecerán automáticamente en la tabla. Repite este proceso para cada galaxia en las siguientes páginas.
\"},\"351\":{\"label\":\"Identifica la supernova haciendo clic sobre ella. Cuando la hayas localizado correctamente, aparecerá un círculo de color. A continuación, identifica el centro de la galaxia haciendo clic sobre él. Aparecerá otro círculo de color cuando lo hayas localizado correctamente. Repite este proceso para cada galaxia en las siguientes páginas.
\"},\"352\":{\"label\":\"Identifica la supernova haciendo clic sobre ella. Cuando la hayas localizado correctamente, aparecerá un círculo de color. A continuación, identifica el centro de la galaxia haciendo clic sobre él. Aparecerá otro círculo de color cuando lo hayas localizado correctamente. Repite este proceso para la galaxia de la página siguiente.
\"},\"353\":{\"label\":\"Identifica la supernova haciendo clic sobre ella. Cuando la hayas localizado correctamente, aparecerá un círculo de color. A continuación, identifica el centro de la galaxia haciendo clic sobre él. Aparecerá otro círculo de color cuando lo hayas localizado correctamente.
\"},\"9wvB2h\":{\"labelPre\":\"La técnica de desplazamiento al rojo fotométrico se utiliza para determinar la\",\"labelPost\":\"de una galaxia.\"},\"SPKuvL\":{\"labelPre\":\"La medición del punto máximo de luminosidad de una supernova de tipo Ia nos permite calcular la\",\"labelPost\":\"de su galaxia anfitriona.\"},\"ptdzo4\":{\"label\":\"Estamos observando estas galaxias desde la posición de la Tierra dentro de la Vía Láctea. ¿Dónde pondrías un punto en este gráfico para indicar la ubicación de la Vía Láctea?\"},\"u1k70n\":{\"label\":\"Según tus datos, ¿cuántas galaxias parecen estar alejándose de la Vía Láctea?\"},\"J2O3iY\":{\"labelPre\":\"Las galaxias lejanas parecen alejarse de la Vía Láctea \",\"labelPost\":\" que las galaxias cercanas.\",\"srLabel\":\"Las galaxias lejanas parecen alejarse de la Vía Láctea \",\"placeholder\":\"Seleccionar una velocidad\",\"options\":{\"0\":\"más lento\",\"1\":\"más rápido\"},\"answerPre\":\"Las galaxias lejanas parecen alejarse de la Vía Láctea \",\"answerPost\":\" que las galaxias cercanas.\"},\"wG2DXn\":{\"label\":\"¿Esto significa que las galaxias cercanas van a alcanzar a las galaxias más lejanas? Explique utilizando los datos de tu gráfico.\"},\"hiS7kV\":{\"label\":\"¿Esto significa que la distancia entre galaxias se mantiene igual, aumenta o disminuye con el tiempo? Explique.\"},\"zPtxBU\":{\"labelPre\":\"Esto significa que el Universo está \",\"placeholder\":\"Seleccione un tamaño\",\"options\":{\"0\":\"expandiéndose (haciéndose más grande)\",\"1\":\"contrayéndose (haciéndose más pequeño)\"},\"answerPre\":\"Esto significa que el Universo está \"},\"7_1\":{\"label\":\"Los científicos estiman actualmente que la Constante de Hubble se sitúa entre 67,7 y 74,0 (km/s)/Mpc. ¿Cómo se compara tu valor de la Constante de Hubble con estos valores?
\"},\"qoEv2j\":{\"label\":\"Al principio de la investigación, se te pidió que compartieras lo que crees que la expansión puede revelar sobre el Universo. Hecha un vistazo a la primera página de la investigación para reflexionar sobre tu respuesta inicial. Ahora que has explorado los datos de la velocidad de expansión del Universo a lo largo del tiempo y has considerado la velocidad de expansión de otras galaxias, ¿qué opinas de tu respuesta inicial?\"},\"zLMJA7\":{\"label\":\"¿Qué crees que la expansión puede revelarnos sobre el Universo?\"}},\"widgets\":{\"hubble_plotter\":{\"galaxies\":{\"0\":{\"name\":\"Galaxia #1\"},\"1\":{\"name\":\"Galaxia #2\"},\"2\":{\"name\":\"Galaxia #3\"},\"3\":{\"name\":\"Galaxia #4\"},\"4\":{\"name\":\"Galaxia #5\"},\"5\":{\"name\":\"Galaxia #6\"}}}},\"tables\":{\"1\":{\"rowTitles\":{\"0\":\"Galaxia #1\",\"1\":\"Galaxia #2\",\"2\":\"Galaxia #3\",\"3\":\"Galaxia #4\"},\"colTitles\":{\"0\":\"Velocidad\",\"1\":\"Distancia\"}}}}","language":"es"}},{"node":{"ns":"solar-system","data":"{\"title\":\"Estudiando el Sistema Solar\",\"pages\":{\"solarsystem00\":{\"title\":\"Introducción\"},\"solarsystem02\":{\"title\":\"Detección de objetos del Sistema Solar\"},\"solarsystem04\":{\"title\":\"Semieje mayor\"},\"solarsystem05\":{\"title\":\"Excentricidad\"},\"solarsystem06\":{\"title\":\"Inclinación\"},\"solarsystem07\":{\"title\":\"La gran vista del Sistema Solar\"},\"solarsystem08\":{\"title\":\"Caracterización de Objetos Cercanos a la Tierra (NEO)\"},\"solarsystem09\":{\"title\":\"Caracterización de Asteroides del Cinturón Principal (MBA)\"},\"solarsystem10\":{\"title\":\"Caracterización de Objetos Transneptunianos (TNO)\"},\"solarsystem11\":{\"title\":\"Caracterización de cometas\"},\"solarsystem12\":{\"title\":\"Comparación de propiedades orbitales\"},\"solarsystem13\":{\"title\":\"Distribuciones de los objetos del Sistema Solar\"},\"solar-system-1-break\":{\"title\":\"Actualización de progreso\"},\"solarsystem14\":{\"title\":\"Identificación de grupos de objetos del Sistema Solar - 1\"},\"solarsystem15\":{\"title\":\"Identificación de grupos de objetos del Sistema Solar - 2\"},\"solarsystem16\":{\"title\":\"Identificación de grupos de objetos del Sistema Solar - 3\"},\"solarsystem17\":{\"title\":\"Identificación de grupos de objetos del Sistema Solar - 4\"},\"solarsystem18\":{\"title\":\"La formación del Sistema Solar\"},\"solarsystem19\":{\"title\":\"Evidencia de apoyo para la formación del Sistema Solar\"},\"solarsystem19a\":{\"title\":\"Interacciones gravitacionales en el Sistema Solar\"},\"solar-system-2-break\":{\"title\":\"Actualización de progreso\"},\"solarsystem22\":{\"title\":\"Clasificación de objetos del Sistema Solar recién detectados\"},\"solarsystem23\":{\"title\":\"Clasificación de objetos del Sistema Solar recién detectados - 2\"},\"solarsystem24\":{\"title\":\"Clasificación de objetos del Sistema Solar recién detectados - 3\"},\"solarsystem28\":{\"title\":\"Explorando una nueva clase de objetos\"},\"solarsystem29\":{\"title\":\"Dibujo del Equipo de Estudiantes A\"},\"solarsystem30\":{\"title\":\"Dibujo del Equipo de Estudiantes B\"},\"solarsystem31\":{\"title\":\"Dibujo del Equipo de Estudiantes C\"},\"solarsystem33\":{\"title\":\"Categorización de sus nuevos descubrimientos\"},\"solarsystem34\":{\"title\":\"Resumiendo Todo\"},\"solarsystem36\":{\"title\":\"Reflexionar y discutir\"},\"solarsystem37\":{\"title\":\"Agradecimientos\"}},\"content\":{\"solarsystem00\":\"Durante cientos de años, tuvimos un modelo simple para los objetos de nuestro Sistema Solar: algunos planetas grandes y sus lunas, y ocasionalmente un cometa que pasaba. Posteriormente, vino el descubrimiento del primer asteroide, Ceres, en 1801, un indicio de que estaban sucediendo más eventos allá afuera de los que pensábamos. En efecto, durante los siguientes 200 años se descubrieron alrededor de 800.000 cuerpos menores del Sistema Solar (que incluyen asteroides, cometas y objetos transneptunianos). Al principio, el ritmo de descubrimiento fue lento, pero los avances tecnológicos, que han hecho posible detectar objetos más pequeños y distantes, han acelerado el proceso.
El Observatorio Vera C. Rubin proporciona la herramienta de observación más poderosa que hemos tenido para estudiar cuerpos menores del Sistema Solar; el tamaño de los espejos del telescopio y la sensibilidad de su cámara se combinan con la velocidad a la que el telescopio examina el cielo nocturno para ayudarnos a ver más objetos en nuestro Sistema Solar que nunca. Cada imagen tomada por el Observatorio Rubin cubre una gran área del cielo y captura la luz incluso de objetos muy débiles, lo que posibilita medir los movimientos de millones de cuerpos menores del Sistema Solar cada noche. Muchos de estos son nuevos descubrimientos.
En esta investigación, explorará datos reales del Observatorio Rubin para desarrollar una comprensión más profunda de cómo se distribuyen los cuerpos menores en todo el Sistema Solar. Además, examinará las órbitas de algunos objetos del Sistema Solar recientemente detectados, para poder clasificarlos. Juntas, estas observaciones nos ayudarán a armar la historia de cómo se formó nuestro Sistema Solar y nos darán una idea de lo que podríamos encontrar alrededor de otras estrellas que tienen exoplanetas.
Cada noche, la cámara LSST del Observatorio Rubin toma dos imágenes del mismo campo de estrellas, con al menos treinta minutos de diferencia. Las imágenes se comparan con un software de computadora, y si algo se ha movido, se genera una alerta automáticamente y los datos se envían al Centro de Planetas Menores (CPM) de la UAI.En cuestión de horas, el CPM determina una órbita preliminar para el objeto.
Aquí hay algunas observaciones de muestra de objetos en movimiento del Sistema Solar. Observe cómo cada objeto se mueve a través del campo de estrellas. Ambas imágenes cubren la misma área del cielo (mismo campo de visión).
\",\"solarsystem04\":\"Al realizar una serie de mediciones cuidadosas, los astrónomos pueden determinar la órbita de un objeto del Sistema Solar recién descubierto. A lo largo de esta investigación, se utilizan tres propiedades que se usan para describir una órbita.
El tamaño orbital está relacionado con el semieje mayor de la órbita (que se define como la mitad del diámetro más largo de la órbita del objeto). Se mide en unidades astronómicas (au). También puede pensar en el semieje mayor de la órbita como su distancia promedio al Sol
\",\"solarsystem05\":\"La excentricidad describe cuán elíptica (es decir, de forma ovalada) es una órbita. Los valores de excentricidad oscilan entre 0 y casi 1. Una excentricidad de 0 describe una órbita perfectamente circular. Cuanto mayor es la excentricidad, más elíptica es la órbita.
\",\"solarsystem06\":\"La inclinación (i) es el ángulo en el que se inclina el plano orbital del objeto (amarillo), en relación con el plano orbital de la Tierra (azul) alrededor del Sol. Un valor de 0° significa que la órbita del objeto es paralela a la órbita de la Tierra. Un valor de 90° significa que la órbita del objeto está inclinada en ángulo recto con respecto a la órbita de la Tierra. Si un objeto tiene una órbita con una inclinación superior a 90°, estará orbitando en una dirección opuesta a la dirección orbital de la Tierra.
\",\"solarsystem07\":\"El Observatorio Rubin descubrirá millones de nuevos objetos del Sistema Solar y proporcionará un enorme conjunto de datos que nos brinda una visión más completa de la distribución de los objetos. Cuanto más sepamos sobre la distribución y las propiedades de los objetos en nuestro Sistema Solar, más entenderemos sobre cómo se formó.
La mayoría de los cuerpos menores del Sistema Solar que hemos descubierto se pueden clasificar en cuatro grupos:
Para comprender mejor las diferencias entre los cuatro grupos, usted analizará los datos orbitales de cada grupo. El primer grupo que examinará son los objetos cercanos a la Tierra (NEO). Los NEO son objetos con órbitas que se cruzan o se acercan mucho a la órbita de la Tierra.
Haga clic en cada ícono que se encuentra a la izquierda del histograma para examinar las diferentes propiedades orbitales de los NEO. Si sitúa su mouse sobre cada barra en el histograma, aparecerá el número exacto de objetos de la barra. ¡Algunas de las barras son tan pequeñas que es posible que no las note sin mirar con atención!
Decida cuál de las afirmaciones proporcionadas a continuación describe mejor las propiedades orbitales de los NEO.
Los NEO son asteroides o cometas cuya órbita se cruza o se acerca mucho a la órbita de la Tierra.
\",\"solarsystem09\":\"Los MBA son objetos que orbitan el Sol entre las órbitas de Marte (1,5 ua) y Júpiter (5,2 ua).
Decida cuál de las afirmaciones proporcionadas a continuación describe mejor las propiedades orbitales de los MBA.
\",\"solarsystem10\":\"Los TNO son objetos que orbitan el Sol en la órbita de Neptuno o más allá, a una distancia de aproximadamente 30 ua y más. Esta área incluye el Cinturón de Kuiper y toda la región hasta la Nube de Oort interna, que comienza aproximadamente a 2000 ua del Sol.
Decida cuál de las afirmaciones proporcionadas a continuación describe mejor las propiedades orbitales de los TNO.
\",\"solarsystem11\":\"Los cometas son objetos helados que se encuentran en todo el Sistema Solar.
Decida cuál de las siguientes afirmaciones describe mejor las propiedades orbitales de los cometas.
\",\"solarsystem13\":\"Ahora explorará un histograma del número de todos los cuerpos menores del Sistema Solar en el eje y en comparación al tamaño orbital en el eje x.
Nota: la escala del eje y cambia en cada uno de los histogramas.
Haga clic en cada icono que se encuentra a la izquierda del histograma para cambiar el grupo.
\",\"solarsystem14\":\"Utilice el Visualizador de órbitas para explorar las características orbitales de un conjunto representativo de objetos de uno de los cuatro grupos. Todos los puntos mostrados y sus movimientos representan objetos reales. Haga clic y arrastre para cambiar el ángulo en el que ve las órbitas. Además, puede acercar y alejar. Use los botones en la parte inferior del Visualizador de órbitas para reproducir, pausar o saltar hacia adelante o hacia atrás. Haga clic en el botón restablecer zoom y orientación para volver a la vista original de estos objetos. Puede cambiar el tiempo del movimiento que se muestra moviendo la barra en la escala Time Step ubicada a la derecha del Visualizador de órbitas (hasta un máximo de 1 año/segundo).
\",\"solarsystem15\":\"Utilice el Visualizador de órbitas para explorar este grupo.
\",\"solarsystem18\":{\"0\":\"De acuerdo con la teoría de la nebulosa solar, una nube giratoria de polvo y gas colapsó debido a la gravedad y el joven Sol comenzó a formarse en el centro, mientras que objetos polvorientos y helados comenzaron a crecer por repetidas colisiones entre sí en un disco aplanado que rodeaba al Sol. El Sol, los planetas y el disco que lo rodea retuvieron la misma dirección de movimiento que la nube giratoria que formó el Sol.
Existe evidencia significativa para apoyar esta teoría. Las observaciones de las regiones de formación estelar revelan discos similares alrededor de estrellas jóvenes en otras partes de la galaxia. Otra evidencia que respalda la teoría es el hecho de que los planetas rocosos se formaron cerca del Sol (donde las temperaturas eran más altas) y los planetas helados se formaron a mayores distancias (donde las temperaturas eran mucho más frías).
\",\"1\":\"La Nube de Oort es una región esférica de objetos helados que existe en los bordes más exteriores del Sistema Solar (que se extiende desde una distancia de 1.000 a 100.000 ua), que se cree se formó después del colapso de la nebulosa solar. Una teoría sugiere que las interacciones gravitatorias entre los planetas grandes y los cuerpos menores del Sistema Solar, en los primeros años de este último, lanzaron pequeños cuerpos hacia afuera para formar la Nube de Oort. Otra teoría sugiere que la gravedad del Sol podría haber arrancado algunos objetos de otros sistemas solares cercanos.
\"},\"solarsystem19\":\"Podemos también encontrar evidencia para apoyar la teoría de la nebulosa solar al estudiar los movimientos de los objetos dentro del Sistema Solar. Para validar esta evidencia, vea un histograma que muestra las inclinaciones de los cuatro grupos de objetos del Sistema Solar y busque patrones generales en la forma en que los objetos orbitan alrededor del Sol. (Recuerde, cualquier inclinación superior a 90 grados indica un objeto que está orbitando hacia atrás).
\",\"solarsystem19a\":{\"0\":\"Aunque la mayoría de los cuerpos menores del Sistema Solar tienen características orbitales que respaldan la teoría de la nebulosa solar, una pequeña fracción de ellos tiene órbitas muy excéntricas o muy inclinadas, y algunos incluso orbitan alrededor del Sol en dirección opuesta a los planetas.
Podemos aplicar las leyes de Newton y la gravedad para ayudar a explicar estas observaciones:
\",\"1\":\"Desde los primeros días del Sistema Solar hasta la actualidad, ha habido muchas interacciones de este tipo entre objetos y, como resultado, las órbitas de algunos cuerpos menores en el Sistema Solar todavía están cambiando.
\"},\"solarsystem22\":\"Muchos cuerpos menores del Sistema Solar han sido descubiertos recientemente por el Observatorio Rubin. Ahora, tiene la oportunidad de aplicar lo que ha aprendido para clasificar tres de esos objetos. Sus opciones para clasificar cada objeto son:
Use las propiedades orbitales en la tabla que construyó arriba para ayudarse a determinar a qué grupo pertenece este objeto recién descubierto.
\",\"solarsystem23\":\"Use las propiedades orbitales en la tabla que construyó arriba para ayudarse a determinar a qué grupo pertenece este objeto recién descubierto.
\",\"solarsystem29\":\"Los dibujos de arriba fueron producidos por un equipo de estudiantes para representar los datos de estos pequeños cuerpos recién descubiertos.
\",\"solarsystem33\":\"Aquí está el Visualizador de órbitas real para este nuevo grupo de objetos.
\",\"solarsystem37\":\"Esta investigación fue creada por el programa de Educación y Difusión Pública del proyecto de Construcción del Observatorio Vera C. Rubin. En un esfuerzo por crear y probar esta investigación antes del inicio de las Operaciones, confiamos en los datos de nuestros colegas científicos. En particular, esta investigación ha hecho uso de datos y/o servicios proporcionados por el Centro de Planetas Menores de la Unión Astronómica Internacional.
Agradecemos a los siguientes instructores que se ofrecieron como voluntarios para realizar la prueba piloto de esta investigación:
El equipo también quisiera agradecer a Siegfried Eggl, Henry Hsieh y Mike Kelley por sus útiles discusiones científicas en el desarrollo de esta investigación.
El Observatorio Vera C. Rubin es un proyecto federal financiado conjuntamente por la Fundación Nacional de Ciencias (por sus siglas en inglés NSF) y la Oficina de Ciencias del Departamento de Energía (por sus siglas en inglés DOE), con fondos previos de construcción recibidos de donaciones privadas a través de la Corporación LSST. La Oficina de Proyectos de construcción LSST (ahora Observatorio Rubin) financiada por la NSF se estableció como un centro operativo bajo la administración de la Asociación de Universidades para la Investigación en Astronomía (por sus siglas en inglés AURA). El esfuerzo financiado por el DOE para construir la Cámara LSST del Observatorio Rubin (LSSTCam) es administrado por el Laboratorio Nacional de Aceleradores SLAC (por sus siglas previas en inglés SLAC).
\",\"solarsystem-1-break\":\"Ha identificado las propiedades orbitales de los cuatro grupos principales de cuerpos menores del Sistema Solar.
A continuación, usará estas características para clasificar cuatro objetos desconocidos y aprenderá cómo las órbitas de los cuerpos menores brindan evidencia de la formación del Sistema Solar.
\",\"solarsystem-2-break\":\"Ha clasificado los cuatro objetos desconocidos y ha aprendido cómo las interacciones gravitatorias de los objetos pequeños y sus inclinaciones proporcionan evidencia de la formación del Sistema Solar.
A continuación, usted investigará los datos de un nuevo grupo de objetos del Sistema Solar y decidirá cómo comunicaría este nuevo descubrimiento.
\"},\"images\":{\"solarsystem00\":{\"altText\":\"La evolución de los mundos por Lowell\",\"figText\":\"Órbitas de los planetas exteriores como se describe en “La Evolución de los Mundos”, un libro publicado en la primera década de 1900 por Percival Lowell.\"},\"solarsystem04\":{\"mediaPath\":\"/images/solar-system/semi-major-minor-axes-es.png\",\"altText\":\"Imagen que indica el semieje mayor y el semieje menor de una elipsis.\",\"figText\":\"Imagen que indica el semieje mayor y el semieje menor de una elipsis. Crédito: Observatorio Rubin.\"},\"solarsystem05\":{\"mediaPath\":\"/images/solar-system/orbital-characteristics-es.gif\",\"altText\":\"Ejemplos de elipsis orbitales con diferentes excentricidades.\",\"figText\":\"Ejemplos de elipsis orbitales con diferentes excentricidades. Crédito: Observatorio Rubin\"},\"solarsystem07\":{\"mediaPath\":\"/images/solar-system/big-view-es.png\",\"altText\":\"La gran Visión del Sistema Solar\",\"figText\":\"Crédito: Observatorio Rubin\"},\"solarsystem18\":{\"0\":{\"altText\":\"Esta imagen del telescopio espacial Hubble muestra un gran disco de gas y polvo que rodea la estrella Beta Pictoris. La luz de la estrella central ha sido bloqueada.\",\"figText\":\"Esta imagen del telescopio espacial Hubble muestra un gran disco de gas y polvo que rodea la estrella Beta Pictoris. La luz de la estrella central ha sido bloqueada. Crédito: NASA, ESA, Universidad de Arizona.\"},\"1\":{\"altText\":\"Ilustración del Sistema Solar, el Cinturón de Kuiper y la Nube de Oort. Esta ilustración no está a escala.\",\"figText\":\"La Nube de Oort es una envoltura esférica de objetos helados que ocupan las regiones más externas del Sistema Solar. (Dibujo no a escala.) Crédito: Observatorio Rubin\"}},\"solarsystem19a\":{\"mediaPath\":\"/images/solar-system/interactions-es.png\",\"altText\":\"Interacciones entre objetos\",\"figText\":\"Cambios en la órbita de cuerpos menores del Sistema Solar. Crédito: Observatorio Rubin\"},\"solarsystem29\":{\"mediaPath\":\"/images/solar-system/student-drawing-A-es.png\",\"altText\":\"Ilustración de un estudiante de una vista superior y lateral del Sistema Solar que muestra el Sol, Marte, Júpiter y Neptuno con varias trayectorias orbitales que pasan entre Júpiter y Neptuno con un rango de excentricidades e inclinaciones similares.\"},\"solarsystem30\":{\"mediaPath\":\"/images/solar-system/student-drawing-B-es.png\",\"altText\":\"Ilustración de un estudiante de una vista superior y lateral del Sistema Solar que muestra el Sol, Marte, Júpiter y Neptuno con varias trayectorias orbitales que pasan entre Júpiter y Neptuno con un rango de excentricidades e inclinaciones.\"},\"solarsystem31\":{\"mediaPath\":\"/images/solar-system/student-drawing-C-es.png\",\"altText\":\"Ilustración de un estudiante de una vista superior y lateral del Sistema Solar que muestra el Sol, Marte, Júpiter y Neptuno con varias trayectorias orbitales que pasan mayormente entre con un rango de excentricidades e inclinaciones.\"},\"solarsystem36\":{\"altText\":\"Reflexionar y discutir\"}},\"reference\":{\"planetary_orbital_sizes\":{\"title\":\"Tamaños orbitales planetarios\"}},\"videos\":{\"solarsystem06\":{\"mediaPath\":\"solar-system/inclination-animated-graphic-es.mp4\",\"altText\":\"Ejemplos de elipses orbitales con diferentes inclinaciones.\",\"figText\":\"Ejemplos de elipses orbitales con diferentes inclinaciones. Crédito: Observatorio Rubin\"}},\"questions\":{\"1\":{\"label\":\"Estime el tiempo que le toma a cada objeto moverse desde la primera a la última posición. (Los tiempos se muestran en la esquina superior derecha de cada imagen). ¿La cantidad de tiempo que tardan los dos objetos en moverse por el cielo es aproximadamente la misma?\"},\"2\":{\"label_pre\":\"El objeto que tarda más tiempo en moverse por el campo de visión está\",\"label_post\":\"el Sol, \"},\"4\":{\"label\":\"Excentricidad:\",\"options\":{\"0\":{\"label\":\"La mayoría de las órbitas son similares a la forma de la órbita de la Tierra (0,0 - 0,3)\",\"value\":\"Similar a la de la Tierra (0,0 – 0,3)\"},\"1\":{\"label\":\"La mayoría de las órbitas son notablemente más elípticas que la forma de la órbita de la Tierra (más de 0,3)\",\"value\":\"Más elíptica que la de la Tierra (más de 0,3)\"},\"2\":{\"label\":\"Hay una distribución igual en todas las formas de órbitas\",\"value\":\"Gran rango de formas\"}}},\"5\":{\"label\":\"Inclinación:\",\"options\":{\"0\":{\"label\":\"La mayoría de las órbitas son similares a la inclinación del plano orbital de la Tierra (0-20°).\",\"value\":\"Similares a la de la Tierra (0-20°)\"},\"1\":{\"label\":\"La mayoría de las órbitas están inclinadas en comparación con el plano orbital de la Tierra (más de 20°).\",\"value\":\"Más inclinadas que la de la Tierra (más de 20°)\"},\"2\":{\"label\":\"Hay una distribución equitativa en todas las inclinaciones de las órbitas.\",\"value\":\"Gran rango de inclinaciones\"}}},\"6\":{\"label\":\"Tamaño orbital:\",\"placeholder\":\"Seleccione la mejor descripción de los NEO\",\"options\":{\"0\":{\"label\":\"Todas las órbitas están dentro del Sistema Solar interior (entre 0,5 y 4 ua).\",\"value\":\"dentro del Sistema Solar interior (entre 0,5 y 4 ua)\"},\"1\":{\"label\":\"Todas las órbitas están dentro del Sistema Solar interior (entre 1,5 y 5,2 ua).\",\"value\":\"dentro del Sistema Solar interior (entre 1,5 y 5,2 ua)\"},\"2\":{\"label\":\"Los tamaños orbitales son de 30 ua o más, y los objetos normalmente orbitan más allá de Neptuno.\",\"value\":\"En el Sistema Solar exterior (30 ua o más)\"},\"3\":{\"label\":\"Los tamaños orbitales abarcan tanto el Sistema Solar interior como el exterior, más allá de las 30 ua.\",\"value\":\"Abarcan tanto el Sistema Solar interior como el exterior, más allá de las 30 ua)\"}}},\"7\":{\"label\":\"Dirección de la órbita (recuerde, una inclinación mayor a 90° indica que el objeto orbita el Sol en dirección opuesta a la órbita de la Tierra):\",\"options\":{\"0\":{\"label\":\"Casi todos los objetos orbitan el Sol en la misma dirección que la órbita de la Tierra.\",\"value\":\"Misma dirección que la de la Tierra\"},\"1\":{\"label\":\"Más del 10% de los objetos orbitan el Sol en dirección opuesta a la órbita de la Tierra (i >90°).\",\"value\":\"En dirección opuesta a la de la Tierra (i >90°)\"}}},\"8\":{\"placeholder\":\"Seleccione la mejor descripción de los MBA\"},\"12\":{\"placeholder\":\"Seleccione la mejor descripción de los TNO\"},\"16\":{\"placeholder\":\"Seleccione la mejor descripción de los cometas\"},\"20\":{\"label\":\"¿Qué diferencias existen entre los distintos grupos de objetos? Proporcione al menos tres ejemplos.\"},\"21\":{\"label\":\"El Observatorio Rubin realizará miles de observaciones de nuestro Sistema Solar durante la próxima década. ¿Cree que el número de alguno de estos grupos cambiará sustancialmente? ¿Cuál(es) y por qué?\"},\"22\":{\"label\":\"Consulte su tabla de observaciones de la sección anterior. ¿Cuál de los cuatro grupos cree que es este? Explique su razonamiento en términos del conjunto único de propiedades orbitales que define a este grupo de objetos.\"},\"23\":{\"label\":\"Consulte su tabla de observaciones de la sección anterior. ¿Cuál de los cuatro grupos cree que es este? Explique su razonamiento en términos del conjunto único de propiedades orbitales que define a este grupo de objetos.\"},\"31\":{\"label\":\"Se cree que muchos cometas se originan en la Nube de Oort. Explique por qué estos cometas pueden tener órbitas muy inclinadas en comparación con otros tipos de objetos del Sistema Solar.\"},\"32\":{\"labelPost\":\"de los cuerpos menores del Sistema Solar tienen órbitas que se encuentran en el plano orbital de los planetas.\"},\"33\":{\"label\":\"¿Cómo apoya el rango de valores para la inclinación de los cuerpos menores del Sistema Solar a la teoría nebular?\"},\"34\":{\"label\":\"Imagine un encuentro cercano en el espacio entre dos objetos, uno con una gran masa y otro con una masa pequeña. A medida que los objetos se acercan, las fuerzas gravitatorias que ejercen entre sí deben ser iguales de acuerdo con la Tercera Ley de Newton. ¿Qué objeto experimentaría una mayor aceleración (cambio en su dirección y velocidad)? Pista: piense en la Segunda Ley de Newton (fuerza = masa X aceleración).\",\"options\":{\"0\":\"El objeto más masivo tendría su dirección y velocidad más afectadas\",\"1\":\"El objeto menos masivo tendría su dirección y velocidad más afectadas\",\"2\":\"Ambos objetos experimentarían el mismo cambio de dirección y velocidad.\"}},\"46\":{\"label\":\"¿Cuál es el nombre del objeto?\"},\"47\":{\"label\":\"¿Qué tipo de objeto es este?\"},\"48\":{\"label\":\"Explique por qué eligió este tipo. ¿Qué datos/evidencias respaldan su elección?\"},\"55\":{\"label\":\"¿Está de acuerdo o en desacuerdo con las características orbitales que se muestran en el dibujo anterior del equipo de estudiantes A? Explique su razonamiento.\"},\"56\":{\"label\":\"¿Está de acuerdo o en desacuerdo con las características orbitales que se muestran en el dibujo anterior del equipo de estudiantes B? Explique su razonamiento.\"},\"57\":{\"label\":\"¿Está de acuerdo o en desacuerdo con las características orbitales que se muestran en el dibujo anterior del equipo de estudiantes C? Explique su razonamiento.\"},\"58\":{\"labelPre\":\"Según los datos que ha determinado para este nuevo grupo de objetos,\",\"labelPost\":\"de ellos orbitan el Sol en dirección opuesta a la órbita de la Tierra.\"},\"59\":{\"label\":\"Según el tamaño de su órbita, ¿entre qué planetas se encuentran estos nuevos objetos?\"},\"73\":{\"label\":\"El asteroide `Oumuamua y el cometa Borisov fueron descubiertos mientras pasaban por nuestro Sistema Solar, pero cada uno procedía de diferentes sistemas solares. Basándose en lo que ha aprendido sobre las interacciones gravitatorias, proporcione una explicación sobre cómo estos objetos pudieron abandonar sus sistemas solares.\"},\"74\":{\"label\":\"Los cometas a menudo se acercan mucho al Sol durante sus órbitas. Los cometas pueden permanecer helados incluso después de un paso cercano al Sol. Explique cómo puede suceder esto según lo que sabe sobre la velocidad cambiante del cometa durante su órbita y la cantidad de tiempo que permanece cerca del Sol.\"},\"80\":{\"label\":\"¿Qué característica(s) orbital(es) hace(n) que estos objetos sean diferentes de los otros cuatro grupos de objetos que estudió anteriormente? Explique.\"},\"81\":{\"label\":\"Está presentando los hallazgos de su equipo científico en una conferencia científica internacional y está compartiendo por primera vez el nombre que seleccionó para su grupo recién descubierto de objetos del Sistema Solar. ¿Qué nombre propone?\"},\"82\":{\"label\":\"Proporcione una explicación que defienda por qué eligió este nombre.\"},\"83\":{\"label\":\"Su equipo está diseñando su estrategia de medios para generar la mayor conciencia sobre este descubrimiento. ¿Cómo comunicaría sus hallazgos?\"},\"200\":{\"label\":\"Con base en el histograma, clasifique el número total de cuerpos menores del Sistema Solar en cada grupo, de mayor a menor:\"},\"350\":{\"labelPre\":\"Además de la masa, la distancia entre los dos objetos es un factor para determinar la fuerza gravitatoria entre los objetos. Los objetos que están más separados tendrán una\",\"labelPost\":\"fuerza gravitatoria entre ellos\"},\"351\":{\"labelPre\":\"y es\",\"labelPost\":\"probable que experimenten un cambio en sus órbitas.\"},\"20a\":{\"label\":\"¿Qué grupo de objetos experimentará el mayor cambio en la velocidad orbital durante un período orbital? Explique su razonamiento.\"},\"32a\":{\"labelPost\":\"de los objetos del Sistema Solar orbitan en dirección opuesta a los planetas alrededor del Sol.\"}},\"widgets\":{\"solarsystem08\":{\"orbital_properties\":{\"0\":{\"title\":\"Tamaños Orbitales de los NEO\",\"labels\":{\"y_axis\":\"Número de NEO\"}},\"1\":{\"title\":\"Excentricidades de los NEO\"},\"2\":{\"title\":\"Inclinaciones de los NEO\"}}},\"solarsystem09\":{\"orbital_properties\":{\"0\":{\"title\":\"Tamaños orbitales de los MBA\",\"labels\":{\"y_axis\":\"Número de MBA\"}},\"1\":{\"title\":\"Excentricidades de los MBA\"},\"2\":{\"title\":\"Inclinaciones de los MBA\"}}},\"solarsystem10\":{\"orbital_properties\":{\"0\":{\"title\":\"Tamaños orbitales de los TNO\",\"labels\":{\"y_axis\":\"Número de TNO\"}},\"1\":{\"title\":\"Excentricidades de los TNO\"},\"2\":{\"title\":\"Inclinaciones de los TNO\"}}},\"solarsystem11\":{\"orbital_properties\":{\"0\":{\"title\":\"Tamaños orbitales del cometa\",\"labels\":{\"y_axis\":\"Número de cometas\"}},\"1\":{\"title\":\"Excentricidades del cometa\"},\"2\":{\"title\":\"Inclinaciones del cometa\"}}},\"solarsystem13\":{\"orbital_properties\":{\"0\":{\"labels\":{\"x_axis\":\"Tamaños orbitales de los NEO (au)\"}},\"1\":{\"labels\":{\"x_axis\":\"Tamaños orbitales de los MBA (au)\"}},\"2\":{\"labels\":{\"x_axis\":\"Tamaños orbitales de los TNO (au)\"}},\"3\":{\"labels\":{\"x_axis\":\"Tamaños orbitales del cometa (au)\"}}}},\"solarsystem19\":{\"orbital_properties\":{\"labels\":{\"y_axis\":\"Número de objetos\",\"tooltip\":\"Objetos\"}}}},\"tables\":{\"2\":{\"colTitles\":{\"0\":\"Nombre\",\"1\":\"Tipo\",\"2\":\"Datos/Evidencia\"}},\"newGroupProperties\":{\"colTitles\":{\"0\":\"Propiedad de nuevo grupo\",\"1\":\"Rango\",\"2\":\"Más común\"},\"label\":\"Su equipo descubre un nuevo grupo de cuerpos menores que no parecen pertenecer a ninguno de los cuatro grupos principales que ha investigado hasta ahora. Use los histogramas para completar la siguiente tabla.\"}}}","language":"es"}}]},"allPagesJson":{"nodes":[{"id":"solarsystem00","investigation":"solar-system","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"introduction/","title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem00.title","sectionOrder":0,"order":"00","content":"solar-system::content.solarsystem00","next":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem02.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem02.link"},"previous":{"title":"","link":""},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":null},{"id":"solarsystem02","investigation":"solar-system","layout":"SingleCol","slug":"detecting-objects/","title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem02.title","sectionOrder":0,"order":"01","content":null,"next":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem04.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem04.link"},"previous":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem00.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem00.link"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"TimeDomainDoubleViewer","source":null,"sources":["/data/neos/2003_QZ30.json","/data/neos/tno120132.json"],"widgets":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"middle"},"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":false,"loop":null,"preSelected":true,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"1","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"solar-system::questions.1.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"interface::qas.answer_pre","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"interface::actions.select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"interface::qas.options.yes","value":"interface::qas.options.yes"},{"label":"interface::qas.options.no","value":"interface::qas.options.no"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"2","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["2","3"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"solar-system::questions.2.label_pre","labelPost":"solar-system::questions.2.label_post","srLabel":"...","answerPre":"...","answerPost":"...","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"interface::actions.select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"interface::qas.options.closer","value":"interface::qas.options.closer"},{"label":"interface::qas.options.farther","value":"interface::qas.options.farther"}],"qaReview":null},{"id":"3","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["2","3"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"and will have a ","labelPost":" orbital period.","srLabel":"...","answerPre":"...","answerPost":"...","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"interface::actions.select_type","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"interface::qas.options.long","value":"interface::qas.options.long"},{"label":"interface::qas.options.short","value":"interface::qas.options.short"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"expand1","investigation":"expanding-universe","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"introduction/","title":"expanding-universe::pages.expand1.title","sectionOrder":0,"order":"01","content":"expanding-universe::content.expand1","next":{"title":"expanding-universe::pages.expand2.title","link":"expanding-universe::pages.expand2.link"},"previous":{"title":"","link":""},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"zLMJA7","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"expanding-universe::questions.zLMJA7.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"expand2","investigation":"expanding-universe","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"acquiring-the-data/","title":"expanding-universe::pages.expand2.title","sectionOrder":0,"order":"02","content":"expanding-universe::content.expand2","next":{"title":"expanding-universe::pages.expand3.title","link":"expanding-universe::pages.expand3.link"},"previous":{"title":"expanding-universe::pages.expand1.title","link":"expanding-universe::pages.expand1.link"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":null},{"id":"solarsystem04","investigation":"solar-system","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"semi-major-axis/","title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem04.title","sectionOrder":0,"order":"02","content":"solar-system::content.solarsystem04","next":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem05.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem05.link"},"previous":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem02.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem02.link"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":null},{"id":"expand3","investigation":"expanding-universe","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"acquiring-the-data-1/","title":"expanding-universe::pages.expand3.title","sectionOrder":0,"order":"03","content":"expanding-universe::content.expand3","next":{"title":"expanding-universe::pages.expand4.title","link":"expanding-universe::pages.expand4.link"},"previous":{"title":"expanding-universe::pages.expand2.title","link":"expanding-universe::pages.expand2.link"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"SupernovaSelectorWithLightCurve","source":"/data/galaxies/ZTF19abqmpsr.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":true,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":"1","hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":true,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"1","questionType":"accordion","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":"selection","label":"expanding-universe::questions.1.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"expanding-universe::questions.1.answerPre","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"supernova","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"solarsystem05","investigation":"solar-system","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"eccentricity/","title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem05.title","sectionOrder":0,"order":"03","content":"solar-system::content.solarsystem05","next":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem06.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem06.link"},"previous":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem04.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem04.link"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":null},{"id":"solarsystem06","investigation":"solar-system","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"inclination/","title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem06.title","sectionOrder":0,"order":"04","content":"solar-system::content.solarsystem06","next":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem07.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem07.link"},"previous":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem05.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem05.link"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":null},{"id":"expand4","investigation":"expanding-universe","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"using-redshifts/","title":"expanding-universe::pages.expand4.title","sectionOrder":0,"order":"04","content":"expanding-universe::content.expand4","next":{"title":"expanding-universe::pages.expand5.title","link":"expanding-universe::pages.expand5.link"},"previous":{"title":"expanding-universe::pages.expand3.title","link":"expanding-universe::pages.expand3.link"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"9wvB2h","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"expanding-universe::questions.9wvB2h.labelPre","labelPost":"expanding-universe::questions.9wvB2h.labelPost","srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"SPKuvL","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"expanding-universe::questions.SPKuvL.labelPre","labelPost":"expanding-universe::questions.SPKuvL.labelPost","srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"solarsystem07","investigation":"solar-system","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"big-view/","title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem07.title","sectionOrder":0,"order":"05","content":"solar-system::content.solarsystem07","next":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem08.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem08.link"},"previous":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem06.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem06.link"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":null},{"id":"expand5","investigation":"expanding-universe","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"interpreting-a-hubble-plot-1/","title":"expanding-universe::pages.expand5.title","sectionOrder":0,"order":"05","content":"expanding-universe::content.expand5","next":{"title":"expanding-universe::pages.expand6.title","link":"expanding-universe::pages.expand6.link"},"previous":{"title":"expanding-universe::pages.expand4.title","link":"expanding-universe::pages.expand4.link"},"tables":[{"id":"1","title":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"bottom"},"fixed":null,"colTitles":["","expanding-universe::tables.1.colTitles.0","expanding-universe::tables.1.colTitles.1"],"rowTitles":[["expanding-universe::tables.1.rowTitles.0"],["expanding-universe::tables.1.rowTitles.1"],["expanding-universe::tables.1.rowTitles.2"],["expanding-universe::tables.1.rowTitles.3"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"velocity","id":"350","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"distance","id":"350","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"velocity","id":"351","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"distance","id":"351","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"velocity","id":"352","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"distance","id":"352","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"velocity","id":"353","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"distance","id":"353","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":false}],"widgets":[{"type":"GalaxySupernovaSelector","source":"/data/galaxies/galaxy_selector.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":"350","hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":true,"autoplay":true,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"350","questionType":"accordion","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"expanding-universe::questions.350.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"galaxySupernova","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"solarsystem08","investigation":"solar-system","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"characterizing-neo/","title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem08.title","sectionOrder":0,"order":"06","content":"solar-system::content.solarsystem08","next":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem09.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem09.link"},"previous":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem07.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem07.link"},"tables":[{"id":"1","title":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"bottom"},"fixed":true,"colTitles":["astronomy::orbital_properties.group","astronomy::orbital_properties.size_of_orbit","astronomy::orbital_properties.eccentricity","astronomy::orbital_properties.inclination","astronomy::orbital_properties.direction_of_orbit"],"rowTitles":[["astronomy::orbital_bodies.neo_abbrev_plural"],["astronomy::orbital_bodies.mba_abbrev_plural"],["astronomy::orbital_bodies.tno_abbrev_plural"],["astronomy::orbital_bodies.comet_plural"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"data","id":"6","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"4","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"5","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"7","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"10","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"8","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"9","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"11","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"14","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"12","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"13","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"15","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"18","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"16","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"17","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"19","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":false}],"widgets":[{"type":"ChartSwitcher","source":null,"sources":null,"widgets":[{"type":"OrbitalProperties","source":"/data/neos/neo_semimajor_axis_hist.json","options":{"title":"solar-system::widgets.solarsystem08.orbital_properties.0.title","icon":null,"domain":[[0,10],[]],"yAxisLabel":"solar-system::widgets.solarsystem08.orbital_properties.0.labels.y_axis","xAxisLabel":"astronomy::orbital_properties.size_of_orbit_with_unit","xValueAccessor":"semimajor_axis","yValueAccessor":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"tooltipAccessors":["countOfTotal","semimajor_axis"],"tooltipLabels":["astronomy::orbital_bodies.neo_abbrev_plural","astronomy::orbital_properties.size_of_orbit_with_unit"],"bins":20,"qaReview":null}},{"type":"OrbitalProperties","source":"/data/neos/neo_eccentricity_hist.json","options":{"title":"solar-system::widgets.solarsystem08.orbital_properties.1.title","icon":null,"domain":[[0,1],[]],"yAxisLabel":"solar-system::widgets.solarsystem08.orbital_properties.0.labels.y_axis","xAxisLabel":"astronomy::orbital_properties.eccentricity_plural","xValueAccessor":"eccentricity","yValueAccessor":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"tooltipAccessors":["countOfTotal","eccentricity"],"tooltipLabels":["astronomy::orbital_bodies.neo_abbrev_plural","astronomy::orbital_properties.eccentricity"],"bins":10,"qaReview":null}},{"type":"OrbitalProperties","source":"/data/neos/neo_inclination_hist.json","options":{"title":"solar-system::widgets.solarsystem08.orbital_properties.2.title","icon":null,"domain":[[0,180],null],"yAxisLabel":"solar-system::widgets.solarsystem08.orbital_properties.0.labels.y_axis","xAxisLabel":"astronomy::orbital_properties.inclination_unit","xValueAccessor":"inclination","yValueAccessor":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"tooltipAccessors":["countOfTotal","inclination"],"tooltipLabels":["astronomy::orbital_bodies.neo_abbrev_plural","astronomy::orbital_properties.inclination_unit"],"bins":9,"qaReview":null}}],"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"6","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"solar-system::questions.6.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"interface::qas.answer_pre","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"solar-system::questions.6.placeholder","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"solar-system::questions.6.options.0.label","value":"solar-system::questions.6.options.0.value"},{"label":"solar-system::questions.6.options.1.label","value":"solar-system::questions.6.options.1.value"},{"label":"solar-system::questions.6.options.2.label","value":"solar-system::questions.6.options.2.value"},{"label":"solar-system::questions.6.options.3.label","value":"solar-system::questions.6.options.3.value"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"4","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"solar-system::questions.4.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"interface::qas.answer_pre","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"solar-system::questions.6.placeholder","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"solar-system::questions.4.options.0.label","value":"solar-system::questions.4.options.0.value"},{"label":"solar-system::questions.4.options.1.label","value":"solar-system::questions.4.options.1.value"},{"label":"solar-system::questions.4.options.2.label","value":"solar-system::questions.4.options.2.value"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"5","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"solar-system::questions.5.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"interface::qas.answer_pre","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"solar-system::questions.6.placeholder","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"solar-system::questions.5.options.0.label","value":"solar-system::questions.5.options.0.value"},{"label":"solar-system::questions.5.options.1.label","value":"solar-system::questions.5.options.1.value"},{"label":"solar-system::questions.5.options.2.label","value":"solar-system::questions.5.options.2.value"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"7","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"solar-system::questions.7.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"interface::qas.answer_pre","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"solar-system::questions.6.placeholder","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"solar-system::questions.7.options.0.label","value":"solar-system::questions.7.options.0.value"},{"label":"solar-system::questions.7.options.1.label","value":"solar-system::questions.7.options.1.value"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"expand6","investigation":"expanding-universe","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"interpreting-a-hubble-plot-1_2/","title":"expanding-universe::pages.expand6.title","sectionOrder":0,"order":"06","content":null,"next":{"title":"expanding-universe::pages.expand7.title","link":"expanding-universe::pages.expand7.link"},"previous":{"title":"expanding-universe::pages.expand5.title","link":"expanding-universe::pages.expand5.link"},"tables":[{"id":"1","title":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"bottom"},"fixed":null,"colTitles":["","expanding-universe::tables.1.colTitles.0","expanding-universe::tables.1.colTitles.1"],"rowTitles":[["expanding-universe::tables.1.rowTitles.0"],["expanding-universe::tables.1.rowTitles.1"],["expanding-universe::tables.1.rowTitles.2"],["expanding-universe::tables.1.rowTitles.3"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"velocity","id":"350","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"distance","id":"350","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"velocity","id":"351","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"distance","id":"351","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"velocity","id":"352","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"distance","id":"352","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"velocity","id":"353","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"distance","id":"353","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":false}],"widgets":[{"type":"GalaxySupernovaSelector","source":"/data/galaxies/galaxy_selector.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":"351","hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":true,"autoplay":true,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"351","questionType":"accordion","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"expanding-universe::questions.351.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"galaxySupernova","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"solarsystem09","investigation":"solar-system","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"characterizing-mba/","title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem09.title","sectionOrder":0,"order":"07","content":"solar-system::content.solarsystem09","next":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem10.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem10.link"},"previous":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem08.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem08.link"},"tables":[{"id":"1","title":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"bottom"},"fixed":true,"colTitles":["astronomy::orbital_properties.group","astronomy::orbital_properties.size_of_orbit","astronomy::orbital_properties.eccentricity","astronomy::orbital_properties.inclination","astronomy::orbital_properties.direction_of_orbit"],"rowTitles":[["astronomy::orbital_bodies.neo_abbrev_plural"],["astronomy::orbital_bodies.mba_abbrev_plural"],["astronomy::orbital_bodies.tno_abbrev_plural"],["astronomy::orbital_bodies.comet_plural"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"data","id":"6","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"4","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"5","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"7","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"10","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"8","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"9","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"11","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"14","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"12","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"13","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"15","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"18","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"16","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"17","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"19","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":false}],"widgets":[{"type":"ChartSwitcher","source":null,"sources":null,"widgets":[{"type":"OrbitalProperties","source":"/data/neos/mba_semimajor_axis_hist.json","options":{"title":"solar-system::widgets.solarsystem09.orbital_properties.0.title","icon":null,"domain":[[0,10],[]],"yAxisLabel":"solar-system::widgets.solarsystem09.orbital_properties.0.labels.y_axis","xAxisLabel":"astronomy::orbital_properties.size_of_orbit_with_unit","xValueAccessor":"semimajor_axis","yValueAccessor":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"tooltipAccessors":["countOfTotal","semimajor_axis"],"tooltipLabels":["astronomy::orbital_bodies.mba_abbrev_plural","astronomy::orbital_properties.size_of_orbit_with_unit"],"bins":20,"qaReview":null}},{"type":"OrbitalProperties","source":"/data/neos/mba_eccentricity_hist.json","options":{"title":"solar-system::widgets.solarsystem09.orbital_properties.1.title","icon":null,"domain":[[0,1],[]],"yAxisLabel":"solar-system::widgets.solarsystem09.orbital_properties.0.labels.y_axis","xAxisLabel":"astronomy::orbital_properties.eccentricity_plural","xValueAccessor":"eccentricity","yValueAccessor":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"tooltipAccessors":["countOfTotal","eccentricity"],"tooltipLabels":["astronomy::orbital_bodies.mba_abbrev_plural","astronomy::orbital_properties.eccentricity"],"bins":10,"qaReview":null}},{"type":"OrbitalProperties","source":"/data/neos/mba_inclination_hist.json","options":{"title":"solar-system::widgets.solarsystem09.orbital_properties.2.title","icon":null,"domain":[[0,180],[]],"yAxisLabel":"solar-system::widgets.solarsystem09.orbital_properties.0.labels.y_axis","xAxisLabel":"astronomy::orbital_properties.inclination_unit","xValueAccessor":"inclination","yValueAccessor":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"tooltipAccessors":["countOfTotal","inclination"],"tooltipLabels":["astronomy::orbital_bodies.mba_abbrev_plural","astronomy::orbital_properties.inclination_unit"],"bins":9,"qaReview":null}}],"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"10","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"solar-system::questions.6.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"interface::qas.answer_pre","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"solar-system::questions.8.placeholder","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"solar-system::questions.6.options.0.label","value":"solar-system::questions.6.options.0.value"},{"label":"solar-system::questions.6.options.1.label","value":"solar-system::questions.6.options.1.value"},{"label":"solar-system::questions.6.options.2.label","value":"solar-system::questions.6.options.2.value"},{"label":"solar-system::questions.6.options.3.label","value":"solar-system::questions.6.options.3.value"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"8","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"solar-system::questions.4.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"interface::qas.answer_pre","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"solar-system::questions.8.placeholder","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"solar-system::questions.4.options.0.label","value":"solar-system::questions.4.options.0.value"},{"label":"solar-system::questions.4.options.1.label","value":"solar-system::questions.4.options.1.value"},{"label":"solar-system::questions.4.options.2.label","value":"solar-system::questions.4.options.2.value"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"9","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"solar-system::questions.5.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"interface::qas.answer_pre","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"solar-system::questions.8.placeholder","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"solar-system::questions.5.options.0.label","value":"solar-system::questions.5.options.0.value"},{"label":"solar-system::questions.5.options.1.label","value":"solar-system::questions.5.options.1.value"},{"label":"solar-system::questions.5.options.2.label","value":"solar-system::questions.5.options.2.value"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"11","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"solar-system::questions.7.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"interface::qas.answer_pre","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"solar-system::questions.8.placeholder","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"solar-system::questions.7.options.0.label","value":"solar-system::questions.7.options.0.value"},{"label":"solar-system::questions.7.options.1.label","value":"solar-system::questions.7.options.1.value"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"expand7","investigation":"expanding-universe","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"interpreting-a-hubble-plot-1_3/","title":"expanding-universe::pages.expand7.title","sectionOrder":0,"order":"07","content":"","next":{"title":"expanding-universe::pages.expand8.title","link":"expanding-universe::pages.expand8.link"},"previous":{"title":"expanding-universe::pages.expand6.title","link":"expanding-universe::pages.expand6.link"},"tables":[{"id":"1","title":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"bottom"},"fixed":null,"colTitles":["","expanding-universe::tables.1.colTitles.0","expanding-universe::tables.1.colTitles.1"],"rowTitles":[["expanding-universe::tables.1.rowTitles.0"],["expanding-universe::tables.1.rowTitles.1"],["expanding-universe::tables.1.rowTitles.2"],["expanding-universe::tables.1.rowTitles.3"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"velocity","id":"350","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"distance","id":"350","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"velocity","id":"351","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"distance","id":"351","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"velocity","id":"352","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"distance","id":"352","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"velocity","id":"353","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"distance","id":"353","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":false}],"widgets":[{"type":"GalaxySupernovaSelector","source":"/data/galaxies/galaxy_selector.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":"352","hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":true,"autoplay":true,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"352","questionType":"accordion","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"expanding-universe::questions.352.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"galaxySupernova","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"solarsystem10","investigation":"solar-system","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"characterizing-tno/","title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem10.title","sectionOrder":0,"order":"08","content":"solar-system::content.solarsystem10","next":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem11.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem11.link"},"previous":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem09.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem09.link"},"tables":[{"id":"1","title":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"bottom"},"fixed":true,"colTitles":["astronomy::orbital_properties.group","astronomy::orbital_properties.size_of_orbit","astronomy::orbital_properties.eccentricity","astronomy::orbital_properties.inclination","astronomy::orbital_properties.direction_of_orbit"],"rowTitles":[["astronomy::orbital_bodies.neo_abbrev_plural"],["astronomy::orbital_bodies.mba_abbrev_plural"],["astronomy::orbital_bodies.tno_abbrev_plural"],["astronomy::orbital_bodies.comet_plural"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"data","id":"6","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"4","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"5","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"7","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"10","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"8","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"9","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"11","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"14","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"12","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"13","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"15","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"18","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"16","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"17","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"19","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":false}],"widgets":[{"type":"ChartSwitcher","source":null,"sources":null,"widgets":[{"type":"OrbitalProperties","source":"/data/neos/tno_semimajor_axis_hist.json","options":{"title":"solar-system::widgets.solarsystem10.orbital_properties.0.title","icon":"barChart","domain":[[0,65],[]],"yAxisLabel":"solar-system::widgets.solarsystem10.orbital_properties.0.labels.y_axis","xAxisLabel":"astronomy::orbital_properties.size_of_orbit_with_unit","xValueAccessor":"semimajor_axis","yValueAccessor":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"tooltipAccessors":["countOfTotal","semimajor_axis"],"tooltipLabels":["astronomy::orbital_bodies.tno_abbrev_plural","astronomy::orbital_properties.size_of_orbit_with_unit"],"bins":null,"qaReview":null}},{"type":"OrbitalProperties","source":"/data/neos/tno_eccentricity_hist.json","options":{"title":"solar-system::widgets.solarsystem10.orbital_properties.1.title","icon":null,"domain":[[0,1],[]],"yAxisLabel":"solar-system::widgets.solarsystem10.orbital_properties.0.labels.y_axis","xAxisLabel":"astronomy::orbital_properties.eccentricity_plural","xValueAccessor":"eccentricity","yValueAccessor":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"tooltipAccessors":["countOfTotal","eccentricity"],"tooltipLabels":["astronomy::orbital_bodies.tno_abbrev_plural","astronomy::orbital_properties.eccentricity"],"bins":10,"qaReview":null}},{"type":"OrbitalProperties","source":"/data/neos/tno_inclination_hist.json","options":{"title":"solar-system::widgets.solarsystem10.orbital_properties.2.title","icon":null,"domain":[[0,180],[]],"yAxisLabel":"solar-system::widgets.solarsystem10.orbital_properties.0.labels.y_axis","xAxisLabel":"astronomy::orbital_properties.inclination_unit","xValueAccessor":"inclination","yValueAccessor":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"tooltipAccessors":["countOfTotal","inclination"],"tooltipLabels":["astronomy::orbital_bodies.tno_abbrev_plural","astronomy::orbital_properties.inclination_unit"],"bins":9,"qaReview":null}}],"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"14","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"solar-system::questions.6.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"interface::qas.answer_pre","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"solar-system::questions.12.placeholder","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"solar-system::questions.6.options.0.label","value":"solar-system::questions.6.options.0.value"},{"label":"solar-system::questions.6.options.1.label","value":"solar-system::questions.6.options.1.value"},{"label":"solar-system::questions.6.options.2.label","value":"solar-system::questions.6.options.2.value"},{"label":"solar-system::questions.6.options.3.label","value":"solar-system::questions.6.options.3.value"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"12","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"solar-system::questions.4.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"interface::qas.answer_pre","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"solar-system::questions.12.placeholder","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"solar-system::questions.4.options.0.label","value":"solar-system::questions.4.options.0.value"},{"label":"solar-system::questions.4.options.1.label","value":"solar-system::questions.4.options.1.value"},{"label":"solar-system::questions.4.options.2.label","value":"solar-system::questions.4.options.2.value"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"13","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"solar-system::questions.5.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"interface::qas.answer_pre","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"solar-system::questions.12.placeholder","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"solar-system::questions.5.options.0.label","value":"solar-system::questions.5.options.0.value"},{"label":"solar-system::questions.5.options.1.label","value":"solar-system::questions.5.options.1.value"},{"label":"solar-system::questions.5.options.2.label","value":"solar-system::questions.5.options.2.value"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"15","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"solar-system::questions.7.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"interface::qas.answer_pre","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"solar-system::questions.12.placeholder","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"solar-system::questions.7.options.0.label","value":"solar-system::questions.7.options.0.value"},{"label":"solar-system::questions.7.options.1.label","value":"solar-system::questions.7.options.1.value"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"expand8","investigation":"expanding-universe","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"interpreting-a-hubble-plot-1_4/","title":"expanding-universe::pages.expand8.title","sectionOrder":0,"order":"08","content":"","next":{"title":"expanding-universe::pages.expand9.title","link":"expanding-universe::pages.expand9.link"},"previous":{"title":"expanding-universe::pages.expand7.title","link":"expanding-universe::pages.expand7.link"},"tables":[{"id":"1","title":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"bottom"},"fixed":null,"colTitles":["","expanding-universe::tables.1.colTitles.0","expanding-universe::tables.1.colTitles.1"],"rowTitles":[["expanding-universe::tables.1.rowTitles.0"],["expanding-universe::tables.1.rowTitles.1"],["expanding-universe::tables.1.rowTitles.2"],["expanding-universe::tables.1.rowTitles.3"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"velocity","id":"350","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"distance","id":"350","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"velocity","id":"351","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"distance","id":"351","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"velocity","id":"352","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"distance","id":"352","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"velocity","id":"353","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"distance","id":"353","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":false}],"widgets":[{"type":"GalaxySupernovaSelector","source":"/data/galaxies/galaxy_selector.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":"353","hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":true,"autoplay":true,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"353","questionType":"accordion","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"expanding-universe::questions.353.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"galaxySupernova","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"solarsystem11","investigation":"solar-system","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"characterizing-comet/","title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem11.title","sectionOrder":0,"order":"09","content":"solar-system::content.solarsystem11","next":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem12.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem12.link"},"previous":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem10.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem10.link"},"tables":[{"id":"1","title":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"bottom"},"fixed":true,"colTitles":["astronomy::orbital_properties.group","astronomy::orbital_properties.size_of_orbit","astronomy::orbital_properties.eccentricity","astronomy::orbital_properties.inclination","astronomy::orbital_properties.direction_of_orbit"],"rowTitles":[["astronomy::orbital_bodies.neo_abbrev_plural"],["astronomy::orbital_bodies.mba_abbrev_plural"],["astronomy::orbital_bodies.tno_abbrev_plural"],["astronomy::orbital_bodies.comet_plural"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"data","id":"6","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"4","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"5","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"7","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"10","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"8","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"9","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"11","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"14","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"12","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"13","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"15","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"18","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"16","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"17","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"19","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":false}],"widgets":[{"type":"ChartSwitcher","source":null,"sources":null,"widgets":[{"type":"OrbitalProperties","source":"/data/neos/comets_semimajor_axis_hist.json","options":{"title":"solar-system::widgets.solarsystem11.orbital_properties.0.title","icon":null,"domain":[[0,100],[]],"yAxisLabel":"solar-system::widgets.solarsystem11.orbital_properties.0.labels.y_axis","xAxisLabel":"astronomy::orbital_properties.size_of_orbit_with_unit","xValueAccessor":"semimajor_axis","yValueAccessor":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"tooltipAccessors":["countOfTotal","semimajor_axis"],"tooltipLabels":["astronomy::orbital_bodies.comet_plural","astronomy::orbital_properties.size_of_orbit_with_unit"],"bins":20,"qaReview":null}},{"type":"OrbitalProperties","source":"/data/neos/comets_eccentricity_hist.json","options":{"title":"solar-system::widgets.solarsystem11.orbital_properties.1.title","icon":null,"domain":[[0,1],[]],"yAxisLabel":"solar-system::widgets.solarsystem11.orbital_properties.0.labels.y_axis","xAxisLabel":"astronomy::orbital_properties.eccentricity_plural","xValueAccessor":"eccentricity","yValueAccessor":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"tooltipAccessors":["countOfTotal","eccentricity"],"tooltipLabels":["astronomy::orbital_bodies.comet_plural","astronomy::orbital_properties.eccentricity"],"bins":10,"qaReview":null}},{"type":"OrbitalProperties","source":"/data/neos/comets_inclination_hist.json","options":{"title":"solar-system::widgets.solarsystem11.orbital_properties.2.title","icon":null,"domain":[[0,180],[]],"yAxisLabel":"solar-system::widgets.solarsystem11.orbital_properties.0.labels.y_axis","xAxisLabel":"astronomy::orbital_properties.inclination_unit","xValueAccessor":"inclination","yValueAccessor":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"tooltipAccessors":["countOfTotal","inclination"],"tooltipLabels":["astronomy::orbital_bodies.comet_plural","astronomy::orbital_properties.inclination_unit"],"bins":9,"qaReview":null}}],"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"18","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"solar-system::questions.6.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"interface::qas.answer_pre","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"solar-system::questions.16.placeholder","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"solar-system::questions.6.options.0.label","value":"solar-system::questions.6.options.0.value"},{"label":"solar-system::questions.6.options.1.label","value":"solar-system::questions.6.options.1.value"},{"label":"solar-system::questions.6.options.2.label","value":"solar-system::questions.6.options.2.value"},{"label":"solar-system::questions.6.options.3.label","value":"solar-system::questions.6.options.3.value"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"16","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"solar-system::questions.4.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"interface::qas.answer_pre","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"solar-system::questions.16.placeholder","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"solar-system::questions.4.options.0.label","value":"solar-system::questions.4.options.0.value"},{"label":"solar-system::questions.4.options.1.label","value":"solar-system::questions.4.options.1.value"},{"label":"solar-system::questions.4.options.2.label","value":"solar-system::questions.4.options.2.value"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"17","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"solar-system::questions.5.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"interface::qas.answer_pre","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"solar-system::questions.16.placeholder","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"solar-system::questions.5.options.0.label","value":"solar-system::questions.5.options.0.value"},{"label":"solar-system::questions.5.options.1.label","value":"solar-system::questions.5.options.1.value"},{"label":"solar-system::questions.5.options.2.label","value":"solar-system::questions.5.options.2.value"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"19","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"solar-system::questions.7.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"interface::qas.answer_pre","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"solar-system::questions.16.placeholder","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"solar-system::questions.7.options.0.label","value":"solar-system::questions.7.options.0.value"},{"label":"solar-system::questions.7.options.1.label","value":"solar-system::questions.7.options.1.value"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"expand9","investigation":"expanding-universe","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"interpreting-a-hubble-plot-2/","title":"expanding-universe::pages.expand9.title","sectionOrder":0,"order":"09","content":null,"next":{"title":"expanding-universe::pages.expand10.title","link":"expanding-universe::pages.expand10.link"},"previous":{"title":"expanding-universe::pages.expand8.title","link":"expanding-universe::pages.expand8.link"},"tables":[{"id":"1","title":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"bottom"},"fixed":null,"colTitles":["","expanding-universe::tables.1.colTitles.0","expanding-universe::tables.1.colTitles.1"],"rowTitles":[["expanding-universe::tables.1.rowTitles.0"],["expanding-universe::tables.1.rowTitles.1"],["expanding-universe::tables.1.rowTitles.2"],["expanding-universe::tables.1.rowTitles.3"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"velocity","id":"350","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"distance","id":"350","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"velocity","id":"351","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"distance","id":"351","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"velocity","id":"352","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"distance","id":"352","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"velocity","id":"353","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"distance","id":"353","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":false}],"widgets":[{"type":"HubblePlotter","source":"/data/galaxies/galaxy_selector.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":"252","hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":[[0,700],[0,50000]],"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":null,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"252","questionType":"accordion","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":"selection","label":"expanding-universe::questions.252.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"hubblePlot","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"solarsystem12","investigation":"solar-system","layout":"SingleCol","slug":"characterizing-orbits-4/","title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem12.title","sectionOrder":0,"order":"10","content":null,"next":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem13.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem13.link"},"previous":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem11.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem11.link"},"tables":[{"id":"1","title":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"top"},"fixed":true,"colTitles":["astronomy::orbital_properties.group","astronomy::orbital_properties.size_of_orbit","astronomy::orbital_properties.eccentricity","astronomy::orbital_properties.inclination","astronomy::orbital_properties.direction_of_orbit"],"rowTitles":[["astronomy::orbital_bodies.neo_abbrev_plural"],["astronomy::orbital_bodies.mba_abbrev_plural"],["astronomy::orbital_bodies.tno_abbrev_plural"],["astronomy::orbital_bodies.comet_plural"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"data","id":"6","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"4","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"5","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"7","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"10","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"8","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"9","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"11","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"14","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"12","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"13","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"15","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"18","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"16","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"17","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"19","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":null}],"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"20","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"solar-system::questions.20.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"20a","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"solar-system::questions.20a.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"expand10","investigation":"expanding-universe","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"interpreting-a-hubble-plot-3/","title":"expanding-universe::pages.expand10.title","sectionOrder":0,"order":"10","content":null,"next":{"title":"expanding-universe::pages.expanding-universe-1-break.title","link":"expanding-universe::pages.expanding-universe-1-break.link"},"previous":{"title":"expanding-universe::pages.expand9.title","link":"expanding-universe::pages.expand9.link"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"HubblePlot","source":null,"sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":"252","createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":true,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":[[0,700],[0,50000]],"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"ptdzo4","questionType":"text","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"expanding-universe::questions.ptdzo4.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"u1k70n","questionType":"text","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"expanding-universe::questions.u1k70n.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"J2O3iY","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"expanding-universe::questions.J2O3iY.labelPre","labelPost":"expanding-universe::questions.J2O3iY.labelPost","srLabel":"expanding-universe::questions.J2O3iY.srLabel","answerPre":"expanding-universe::questions.J2O3iY.answerPre","answerPost":"expanding-universe::questions.J2O3iY.answerPost","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"expanding-universe::questions.J2O3iY.placeholder","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"expanding-universe::questions.J2O3iY.options.0","value":"slower"},{"label":"expanding-universe::questions.J2O3iY.options.1","value":"faster"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"wG2DXn","questionType":"text","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"expanding-universe::questions.wG2DXn.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"hiS7kV","questionType":"text","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"expanding-universe::questions.hiS7kV.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"zPtxBU","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"expanding-universe::questions.zPtxBU.labelPre","labelPost":".","srLabel":null,"answerPre":"expanding-universe::questions.zPtxBU.answerPre","answerPost":".","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"expanding-universe::questions.zPtxBU.placeholder","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"expanding-universe::questions.zPtxBU.options.0","value":"expanding"},{"label":"expanding-universe::questions.zPtxBU.options.1","value":"contracting"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"expanding-universe-1-break","investigation":"expanding-universe","layout":"SectionBreak","slug":"section-1/","title":"expanding-universe-1-break","sectionOrder":0,"order":"11","content":"expanding-universe::content.expanding-universe-1-break","next":{"title":"expanding-universe::pages.expand12.title","link":"expanding-universe::pages.expand12.link"},"previous":{"title":"expanding-universe::pages.expand10.title","link":"expanding-universe::pages.expand10.link"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":null},{"id":"solarsystem13","investigation":"solar-system","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"identifying-groups/","title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem13.title","sectionOrder":0,"order":"11","content":"solar-system::content.solarsystem13","next":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solar-system-1-break.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solar-system-1-break.link"},"previous":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem12.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem12.link"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"ChartSwitcher","source":null,"sources":null,"widgets":[{"type":"OrbitalProperties","source":"/data/neos/neo_semimajor_axis_hist.json","options":{"title":"solar-system::widgets.solarsystem08.orbital_properties.0.title","icon":null,"domain":[[0,100],null],"yAxisLabel":"solar-system::widgets.solarsystem08.orbital_properties.0.labels.y_axis","xAxisLabel":"solar-system::widgets.solarsystem13.orbital_properties.0.labels.x_axis","xValueAccessor":"semimajor_axis","yValueAccessor":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"tooltipAccessors":["countOfTotal","semimajor_axis"],"tooltipLabels":["astronomy::orbital_bodies.neo_abbrev_plural","astronomy::orbital_properties.size_of_orbit_with_unit"],"bins":20,"qaReview":null}},{"type":"OrbitalProperties","source":"/data/neos/mba_semimajor_axis_hist.json","options":{"title":"solar-system::widgets.solarsystem09.orbital_properties.0.title","icon":null,"domain":[[0,100],null],"yAxisLabel":"solar-system::widgets.solarsystem09.orbital_properties.0.labels.y_axis","xAxisLabel":"solar-system::widgets.solarsystem13.orbital_properties.1.labels.x_axis","xValueAccessor":"semimajor_axis","yValueAccessor":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"tooltipAccessors":["countOfTotal","semimajor_axis"],"tooltipLabels":["astronomy::orbital_bodies.mba_abbrev_plural","astronomy::orbital_properties.size_of_orbit_with_unit"],"bins":20,"qaReview":null}},{"type":"OrbitalProperties","source":"/data/neos/tno_semimajor_axis_hist.json","options":{"title":"solar-system::widgets.solarsystem10.orbital_properties.0.title","icon":null,"domain":[[0,100],null],"yAxisLabel":"solar-system::widgets.solarsystem10.orbital_properties.0.labels.y_axis","xAxisLabel":"solar-system::widgets.solarsystem13.orbital_properties.2.labels.x_axis","xValueAccessor":"semimajor_axis","yValueAccessor":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"tooltipAccessors":["countOfTotal","semimajor_axis"],"tooltipLabels":["astronomy::orbital_bodies.tno_abbrev_plural","astronomy::orbital_properties.size_of_orbit_with_unit"],"bins":20,"qaReview":null}},{"type":"OrbitalProperties","source":"/data/neos/comets_semimajor_axis_hist.json","options":{"title":"solar-system::widgets.solarsystem11.orbital_properties.0.title","icon":null,"domain":[[0,100],null],"yAxisLabel":"solar-system::widgets.solarsystem11.orbital_properties.0.labels.y_axis","xAxisLabel":"solar-system::widgets.solarsystem13.orbital_properties.3.labels.x_axis","xValueAccessor":"semimajor_axis","yValueAccessor":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"tooltipAccessors":["countOfTotal","semimajor_axis"],"tooltipLabels":["astronomy::orbital_bodies.comet_plural","astronomy::orbital_properties.size_of_orbit_with_unit"],"bins":20,"qaReview":null}}],"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"200","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"solar-system::questions.200.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"21","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"solar-system::questions.21.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"solarsystem-1-break","investigation":"solar-system","layout":"SectionBreak","slug":"section-1/","title":"solar-system::pages.solar-system-1-break.title","sectionOrder":0,"order":"12","content":"solar-system::content.solarsystem-1-break","next":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem14.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem14.link"},"previous":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem13.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem13.link"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":null},{"id":"solarsystem14","investigation":"solar-system","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"identifying-groups-1/","title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem14.title","sectionOrder":1,"order":"00","content":"solar-system::content.solarsystem14","next":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem15.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem15.link"},"previous":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solar-system-1-break.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solar-system-1-break.link"},"tables":[{"id":"1","title":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"bottom"},"fixed":true,"colTitles":["astronomy::orbital_properties.group","astronomy::orbital_properties.size_of_orbit","astronomy::orbital_properties.eccentricity","astronomy::orbital_properties.inclination","astronomy::orbital_properties.direction_of_orbit"],"rowTitles":[["astronomy::orbital_bodies.neo_abbrev_plural"],["astronomy::orbital_bodies.mba_abbrev_plural"],["astronomy::orbital_bodies.tno_abbrev_plural"],["astronomy::orbital_bodies.comet_plural"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"data","id":"6","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"4","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"5","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"7","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"10","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"8","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"9","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"11","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"14","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"12","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"13","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"15","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"18","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"16","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"17","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"19","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":false}],"widgets":[{"type":"OrbitalViewer","source":"/data/neos/TNO_orbit_50sample_wname2021.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":0.03,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":true,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"22","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"solar-system::questions.22.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"solarsystem15","investigation":"solar-system","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"identifying-groups-2/","title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem15.title","sectionOrder":1,"order":"01","content":"solar-system::content.solarsystem15","next":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem16.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem16.link"},"previous":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem14.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem14.link"},"tables":[{"id":"1","title":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"top"},"fixed":true,"colTitles":["astronomy::orbital_properties.group","astronomy::orbital_properties.size_of_orbit","astronomy::orbital_properties.eccentricity","astronomy::orbital_properties.inclination","astronomy::orbital_properties.direction_of_orbit"],"rowTitles":[["astronomy::orbital_bodies.neo_abbrev_plural"],["astronomy::orbital_bodies.mba_abbrev_plural"],["astronomy::orbital_bodies.tno_abbrev_plural"],["astronomy::orbital_bodies.comet_plural"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"data","id":"6","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"4","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"5","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"7","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"10","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"8","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"9","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"11","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"14","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"12","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"13","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"15","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"18","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"16","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"17","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"19","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":false}],"widgets":[{"type":"OrbitalViewer","source":"/data/neos/MBA_orbit_50sample_wname2021.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":0.6,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":true,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"23","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"solar-system::questions.22.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"solarsystem16","investigation":"solar-system","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"identifying-groups-3/","title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem16.title","sectionOrder":1,"order":"02","content":"solar-system::content.solarsystem15","next":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem17.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem17.link"},"previous":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem15.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem15.link"},"tables":[{"id":"1","title":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"top"},"fixed":true,"colTitles":["astronomy::orbital_properties.group","astronomy::orbital_properties.size_of_orbit","astronomy::orbital_properties.eccentricity","astronomy::orbital_properties.inclination","astronomy::orbital_properties.direction_of_orbit"],"rowTitles":[["astronomy::orbital_bodies.neo_abbrev_plural"],["astronomy::orbital_bodies.mba_abbrev_plural"],["astronomy::orbital_bodies.tno_abbrev_plural"],["astronomy::orbital_bodies.comet_plural"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"data","id":"6","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"4","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"5","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"7","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"10","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"8","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"9","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"11","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"14","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"12","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"13","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"15","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"18","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"16","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"17","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"19","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":false}],"widgets":[{"type":"OrbitalViewer","source":"/data/neos/comets_orbit_50sample_wname2021.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":0.2,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":true,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"24","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"solar-system::questions.22.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"solarsystem17","investigation":"solar-system","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"identifying-groups-4/","title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem17.title","sectionOrder":1,"order":"03","content":"solar-system::content.solarsystem15","next":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem18.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem18.link"},"previous":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem16.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem16.link"},"tables":[{"id":"1","title":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"top"},"fixed":true,"colTitles":["astronomy::orbital_properties.group","astronomy::orbital_properties.size_of_orbit","astronomy::orbital_properties.eccentricity","astronomy::orbital_properties.inclination","astronomy::orbital_properties.direction_of_orbit"],"rowTitles":[["astronomy::orbital_bodies.neo_abbrev_plural"],["astronomy::orbital_bodies.mba_abbrev_plural"],["astronomy::orbital_bodies.tno_abbrev_plural"],["astronomy::orbital_bodies.comet_plural"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"data","id":"6","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"4","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"5","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"7","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"10","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"8","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"9","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"11","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"14","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"12","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"13","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"15","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"18","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"16","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"17","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"19","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":false}],"widgets":[{"type":"OrbitalViewer","source":"/data/neos/NEO_orbit_50sample_wname2021.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":0.8,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":true,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"25","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"solar-system::questions.22.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"solarsystem18","investigation":"solar-system","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"history-solar-system/","title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem18.title","sectionOrder":1,"order":"04","content":null,"next":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem19.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem19.link"},"previous":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem17.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem17.link"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"31","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"solar-system::questions.31.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":{"col":"right","row":"bottom"}}]},{"id":"solarsystem19","investigation":"solar-system","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"history-solar-system-1/","title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem19.title","sectionOrder":1,"order":"05","content":"solar-system::content.solarsystem19","next":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem19a.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem19a.link"},"previous":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem18.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem18.link"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"OrbitalProperties","source":"/data/neos/all_inclination_hist.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":"astronomy::orbital_properties.inclination_plural","hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":[[0,180],null],"xAxisLabel":"astronomy::orbital_properties.inclination_unit","yAxisLabel":"solar-system::widgets.solarsystem19.orbital_properties.labels.y_axis","xValueAccessor":"inclination","yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":["countOfTotal","inclination"],"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":["solar-system::widgets.solarsystem19.orbital_properties.labels.tooltip","astronomy::orbital_properties.inclination_unit_plural"],"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"32","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"","labelPost":"solar-system::questions.32.labelPost","srLabel":null,"answerPre":"interface::qas.answer_pre","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"interface::actions.select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"interface::qas.options.almost_none","value":"interface::qas.options.almost_none"},{"label":"interface::qas.options.nearly_all","value":"interface::qas.options.nearly_all"},{"label":"interface::qas.options.roughly_half","value":"interface::qas.options.roughly_half"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"32a","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"","labelPost":"solar-system::questions.32a.labelPost","srLabel":null,"answerPre":"interface::qas.answer_pre","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"interface::actions.select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"interface::qas.options.almost_none","value":"interface::qas.options.almost_none"},{"label":"interface::qas.options.nearly_all","value":"interface::qas.options.nearly_all"},{"label":"interface::qas.options.roughly_half","value":"interface::qas.options.roughly_half"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"33","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"solar-system::questions.33.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"solarsystem19a","investigation":"solar-system","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"nebula-theory/","title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem19a.title","sectionOrder":1,"order":"06","content":null,"next":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solar-system-2-break.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solar-system-2-break.link"},"previous":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem19.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem19.link"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"34","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"solar-system::questions.34.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"interface::qas.answer_pre","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"interface::actions.select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"solar-system::questions.34.options.0","value":"solar-system::questions.34.options.0"},{"label":"solar-system::questions.34.options.1","value":"solar-system::questions.34.options.1"},{"label":"solar-system::questions.34.options.2","value":"solar-system::questions.34.options.2"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"350","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["350","351"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"solar-system::questions.350.labelPre","labelPost":"solar-system::questions.350.labelPost","srLabel":"...","answerPre":"...","answerPost":"...","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"interface::actions.select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"interface::qas.options.weaker","value":"interface::qas.options.weaker"},{"label":"interface::qas.options.stronger","value":"interface::qas.options.stronger"}],"qaReview":null},{"id":"351","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["350","351"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"solar-system::questions.351.labelPre","labelPost":"solar-system::questions.351.labelPost","srLabel":"...","answerPre":"...","answerPost":"...","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"interface::actions.select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"interface::qas.options.more","value":"interface::qas.options.more"},{"label":"interface::qas.options.less","value":"interface::qas.options.less"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"solar-system-2-break","investigation":"solar-system","layout":"SectionBreak","slug":"section-2/","title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem19a.title","sectionOrder":1,"order":"07","content":"solar-system::content.solarsystem-2-break","next":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem22.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem22.link"},"previous":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem19a.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem19a.link"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":null},{"id":"expand12","investigation":"expanding-universe","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"interpreting-a-hubble-plot-4/","title":"expanding-universe::pages.expand12.title","sectionOrder":1,"order":"12","content":"expanding-universe::content.expand12","next":{"title":"expanding-universe::pages.expand13.title","link":"expanding-universe::pages.expand13.link"},"previous":{"title":"expanding-universe::pages.expanding-universe-1-break.title","link":"expanding-universe::pages.expanding-universe-1-break.link"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"HubblePlot","source":null,"sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":"252","createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":"7","lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":[[0,700],[0,50000]],"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":null,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"7","questionType":"accordion","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":"selection","label":"expanding-universe::questions.7.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"expanding-universe::questions.7.answerPre","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"hubbleConstant","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"7_1","questionType":"text","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":"selection","label":"expanding-universe::questions.7_1.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"expand13","investigation":"expanding-universe","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"interpreting-a-hubble-plot-5/","title":"expanding-universe::pages.expand13.title","sectionOrder":1,"order":"13","content":"expanding-universe::content.expand13","next":{"title":"expanding-universe::pages.expand14.title","link":"expanding-universe::pages.expand14.link"},"previous":{"title":"expanding-universe::pages.expand12.title","link":"expanding-universe::pages.expand12.link"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"HubblePlot","source":null,"sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":"252","createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":"7","lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":[[0,700],[0,50000]],"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":["7"],"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"8","questionType":"text","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"expanding-universe::questions.8.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"expand14","investigation":"expanding-universe","layout":null,"slug":"testing-law/","title":"expanding-universe::pages.expand14.title","sectionOrder":1,"order":"14","content":"expanding-universe::content.expand14","next":{"title":"expanding-universe::pages.expanding-universe-2-break.title","link":"expanding-universe::pages.expanding-universe-2-break.link"},"previous":{"title":"expanding-universe::pages.expand13.title","link":"expanding-universe::pages.expand13.link"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"GalaxyScrambler","source":"/data/galaxies/scrambler-2.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":65.7,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":true,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":[[0,1300],[0,75000]],"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"9","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"expanding-universe::questions.9.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"interface::qas.answer_pre","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"expanding-universe::questions.9.placeholder","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"interface::qas.options.yes","value":"yes"},{"label":"interface::qas.options.no","value":"no"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"10","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"expanding-universe::questions.10.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"interface::qas.answer_pre","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"expanding-universe::questions.10.placeholder","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"expanding-universe::questions.10.options.0","value":"next to the origin"},{"label":"expanding-universe::questions.10.options.1","value":"next to the Milky Way Galaxy"},{"label":"expanding-universe::questions.10.options.2","value":"the third dot from the origin"},{"label":"expanding-universe::questions.10.options.3","value":"at the origin"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"11","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"expanding-universe::questions.11.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"12","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"expanding-universe::questions.12.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"13","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"expanding-universe::questions.13.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"14","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"expanding-universe::questions.14.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"16","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"expanding-universe::questions.16.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"interface::qas.answer_pre","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"expanding-universe::questions.16.placeholder","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"expanding-universe::questions.16.options.0","value":"the Universe is centered on the Milky Way Galaxy"},{"label":"expanding-universe::questions.16.options.1","value":"the Universe is centered on some other single location"},{"label":"expanding-universe::questions.16.options.2","value":"all locations observe the Universe to be expanding in the same way and therefore there is no center"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"expanding-universe-2-break","investigation":"expanding-universe","layout":"SectionBreak","slug":"section-2/","title":"expanding-universe::pages.expanding-universe-2-break.title","sectionOrder":1,"order":"15","content":"expanding-universe::content.expanding-universe-2-break","next":{"title":"expanding-universe::pages.expand16.title","link":"expanding-universe::pages.expand16.link"},"previous":{"title":"expanding-universe::pages.expand14.title","link":"expanding-universe::pages.expand14.link"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":null},{"id":"expand16","investigation":"expanding-universe","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"using-evidence/","title":"expanding-universe::pages.expand16.title","sectionOrder":2,"order":"16","content":"expanding-universe::content.expand16","next":{"title":"expanding-universe::pages.expand17.title","link":"expanding-universe::pages.expand17.link"},"previous":{"title":"expanding-universe::pages.expanding-universe-2-break.title","link":"expanding-universe::pages.expanding-universe-2-break.link"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"321","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":"selection","label":"expanding-universe::questions.321.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"expand17","investigation":"expanding-universe","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"universe-through-time/","title":"expanding-universe::pages.expand17.title","sectionOrder":2,"order":"17","content":"expanding-universe::content.expand17","next":{"title":"expanding-universe::pages.expand18.title","link":"expanding-universe::pages.expand18.link"},"previous":{"title":"expanding-universe::pages.expand16.title","link":"expanding-universe::pages.expand16.link"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"17","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"expanding-universe::questions.17.labelPre","labelPost":"expanding-universe::questions.17.labelPost","srLabel":null,"answerPre":"interface::qas.answer_pre","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"interface::actions.select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"expanding-universe::questions.17.options.0","value":"more recent"},{"label":"expanding-universe::questions.17.options.1","value":"long ago"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"18","questionType":"text","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"expanding-universe::questions.18.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"19","questionType":"text","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"expanding-universe::questions.19.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"expand18","investigation":"expanding-universe","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"lsst-hubble-plot/","title":"expanding-universe::pages.expand18.title","sectionOrder":2,"order":"18","content":null,"next":{"title":"expanding-universe::pages.expanding-universe-3-break.title","link":"expanding-universe::pages.expanding-universe-3-break.link"},"previous":{"title":"expanding-universe::pages.expand17.title","link":"expanding-universe::pages.expand17.link"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"HubblePlot","source":"/data/galaxies/large_hubble_sample.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":{"col":"right","row":"bottom"},"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":"252","createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":"7","lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":true,"multiple":true,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":[[0,5000],[0,175000]],"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":["7"],"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":null,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"20","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"expanding-universe::questions.20.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"21","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"expanding-universe::questions.21.labelPre","labelPost":"expanding-universe::questions.21.labelPost","srLabel":null,"answerPre":"interface::qas.answer_pre","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"interface::qas.placeholders.select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"expanding-universe::questions.21.options.0","value":"do"},{"label":"expanding-universe::questions.21.options.1","value":"do not"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"22","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"expanding-universe::questions.22.labelPre","labelPost":"expanding-universe::questions.22.labelPost","srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"interface::qas.placeholders.select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"expanding-universe::questions.22.options.0","value":"a long time ago"},{"label":"expanding-universe::questions.22.options.1","value":"more recent times"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"23","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"expanding-universe::questions.23.labelPre","labelPost":"expanding-universe::questions.23.labelPost","srLabel":null,"answerPre":"interface::qas.answer_pre","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"interface::qas.placeholders.select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"expanding-universe::questions.23.options.0","value":"flatter"},{"label":"expanding-universe::questions.23.options.1","value":"steeper"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"24","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"expanding-universe::questions.24.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"expanding-universe-3-break","investigation":"expanding-universe","layout":"SectionBreak","slug":"section-3/","title":"expanding-universe::pages.expanding-universe-3-break.title","sectionOrder":2,"order":"19","content":"expanding-universe::content.expanding-universe-3-break","next":{"title":"expanding-universe::pages.expand20.title","link":"expanding-universe::pages.expand20.link"},"previous":{"title":"expanding-universe::pages.expand18.title","link":"expanding-universe::pages.expand18.link"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":null},{"id":"solarsystem22","investigation":"solar-system","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"classifying-objects/","title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem22.title","sectionOrder":2,"order":"22","content":"solar-system::content.solarsystem22","next":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem23.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem23.link"},"previous":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solar-system-2-break.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solar-system-2-break.link"},"tables":[{"id":"1","title":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"top"},"fixed":true,"colTitles":["astronomy::orbital_properties.group","astronomy::orbital_properties.size_of_orbit","astronomy::orbital_properties.eccentricity","astronomy::orbital_properties.inclination","astronomy::orbital_properties.direction_of_orbit"],"rowTitles":[["astronomy::orbital_bodies.neo_abbrev_plural"],["astronomy::orbital_bodies.mba_abbrev_plural"],["astronomy::orbital_bodies.tno_abbrev_plural"],["astronomy::orbital_bodies.comet_plural"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"data","id":"6","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"4","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"5","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"7","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"10","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"8","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"9","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"11","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"14","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"12","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"13","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"15","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"18","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"16","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"17","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"19","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":false},{"id":"2","title":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"bottom"},"fixed":null,"colTitles":["","solar-system::tables.2.colTitles.0","solar-system::tables.2.colTitles.1","solar-system::tables.2.colTitles.2"],"rowTitles":[["#1"],["#2"],["#3"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"data","id":"46","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"47","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"48","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"49","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"50","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"51","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"661","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"67","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"68","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":false}],"widgets":[{"type":"OrbitalViewer","source":"/data/neos/MBA_orbit_50sample_wname2021.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":true,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":0.7,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":false,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"46","questionType":"text","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"solar-system::questions.46.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"47","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"solar-system::questions.47.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"interface::qas.answer_pre","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"interface::actions.select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"astronomy::orbital_bodies.mba_abbrev","value":"astronomy::orbital_bodies.mba_abbrev"},{"label":"astronomy::orbital_bodies.tno_abbrev","value":"astronomy::orbital_bodies.tno_abbrev"},{"label":"astronomy::orbital_bodies.neo_abbrev","value":"astronomy::orbital_bodies.neo_abbrev"},{"label":"astronomy::orbital_bodies.comet","value":"astronomy::orbital_bodies.comet"},{"label":"interface::qas.options.none_of_the_above","value":"interface::qas.options.none_of_the_above"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"48","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"solar-system::questions.48.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"solarsystem23","investigation":"solar-system","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"classifying-objects-1/","title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem23.title","sectionOrder":2,"order":"23","content":"solar-system::content.solarsystem23","next":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem24.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem24.link"},"previous":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem22.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem22.link"},"tables":[{"id":"1","title":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"top"},"fixed":true,"colTitles":["astronomy::orbital_properties.group","astronomy::orbital_properties.size_of_orbit","astronomy::orbital_properties.eccentricity","astronomy::orbital_properties.inclination","astronomy::orbital_properties.direction_of_orbit"],"rowTitles":[["astronomy::orbital_bodies.neo_abbrev_plural"],["astronomy::orbital_bodies.mba_abbrev_plural"],["astronomy::orbital_bodies.tno_abbrev_plural"],["astronomy::orbital_bodies.comet_plural"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"data","id":"6","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"4","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"5","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"7","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"10","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"8","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"9","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"11","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"14","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"12","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"13","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"15","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"18","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"16","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"17","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"19","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":false},{"id":"2","title":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"bottom"},"fixed":null,"colTitles":["","solar-system::tables.2.colTitles.0","solar-system::tables.2.colTitles.1","solar-system::tables.2.colTitles.2"],"rowTitles":[["#1"],["#2"],["#3"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"data","id":"46","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"47","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"48","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"49","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"50","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"51","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"661","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"67","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"68","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":false}],"widgets":[{"type":"OrbitalViewer","source":"/data/neos/comets_orbit_50sample_wname2021.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":true,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":0.25,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":false,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"49","questionType":"text","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"solar-system::questions.46.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"50","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"solar-system::questions.47.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"interface::qas.answer_pre","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"interface::actions.select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"astronomy::orbital_bodies.mba_abbrev","value":"astronomy::orbital_bodies.mba_abbrev"},{"label":"astronomy::orbital_bodies.tno_abbrev","value":"astronomy::orbital_bodies.tno_abbrev"},{"label":"astronomy::orbital_bodies.neo_abbrev","value":"astronomy::orbital_bodies.neo_abbrev"},{"label":"astronomy::orbital_bodies.comet","value":"astronomy::orbital_bodies.comet"},{"label":"interface::qas.options.none_of_the_above","value":"interface::qas.options.none_of_the_above"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"51","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"solar-system::questions.48.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"solarsystem24","investigation":"solar-system","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"classifying-objects-2/","title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem24.title","sectionOrder":2,"order":"24","content":"solar-system::content.solarsystem23","next":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem28.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem28.link"},"previous":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem23.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem23.link"},"tables":[{"id":"1","title":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"top"},"fixed":true,"colTitles":["astronomy::orbital_properties.group","astronomy::orbital_properties.size_of_orbit","astronomy::orbital_properties.eccentricity","astronomy::orbital_properties.inclination","astronomy::orbital_properties.direction_of_orbit"],"rowTitles":[["astronomy::orbital_bodies.neo_abbrev_plural"],["astronomy::orbital_bodies.mba_abbrev_plural"],["astronomy::orbital_bodies.tno_abbrev_plural"],["astronomy::orbital_bodies.comet_plural"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"data","id":"6","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"4","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"5","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"7","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"10","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"8","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"9","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"11","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"14","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"12","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"13","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"15","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"18","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"16","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"17","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"19","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":false},{"id":"2","title":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"bottom"},"fixed":null,"colTitles":["","solar-system::tables.2.colTitles.0","solar-system::tables.2.colTitles.1","solar-system::tables.2.colTitles.2"],"rowTitles":[["#1"],["#2"],["#3"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"data","id":"46","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"47","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"48","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"49","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"50","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"51","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"661","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"67","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"68","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":null}],"widgets":[{"type":"OrbitalViewer","source":"/data/neos/TNO_orbit_50sample_wname2021.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":true,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":0.06,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":false,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"661","questionType":"text","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"solar-system::questions.46.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"67","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"solar-system::questions.47.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"interface::qas.answer_pre","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"interface::actions.select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"astronomy::orbital_bodies.mba_abbrev","value":"astronomy::orbital_bodies.mba_abbrev"},{"label":"astronomy::orbital_bodies.tno_abbrev","value":"astronomy::orbital_bodies.tno_abbrev"},{"label":"astronomy::orbital_bodies.neo_abbrev","value":"astronomy::orbital_bodies.neo_abbrev"},{"label":"astronomy::orbital_bodies.comet","value":"astronomy::orbital_bodies.comet"},{"label":"interface::qas.options.none_of_the_above","value":"interface::qas.options.none_of_the_above"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"68","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"solar-system::questions.48.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"solarsystem28","investigation":"solar-system","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"solar-system-summary/","title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem28.title","sectionOrder":2,"order":"28","content":null,"next":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem29.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem29.link"},"previous":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem24.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem24.link"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"ChartSwitcher","source":null,"sources":null,"widgets":[{"type":"OrbitalProperties","source":"/data/neos/final_semimajor_axis_hist.json","options":{"title":"astronomy::orbital_properties.orbit_size_plural","icon":null,"domain":[[0,30],null],"yAxisLabel":"solar-system::widgets.solarsystem19.orbital_properties.labels.y_axis","xAxisLabel":"astronomy::orbital_properties.orbit_size_with_unit_plural","xValueAccessor":"semimajor_axis","yValueAccessor":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"tooltipAccessors":["countOfTotal","semimajor_axis"],"tooltipLabels":["solar-system::widgets.solarsystem19.orbital_properties.labels.tooltip","astronomy::orbital_properties.orbit_size_with_unit"],"bins":10,"qaReview":null}},{"type":"OrbitalProperties","source":"/data/neos/final_eccentricity_hist.json","options":{"title":"astronomy::orbital_properties.eccentricity_plural","icon":null,"domain":[[0,1],null],"yAxisLabel":"solar-system::widgets.solarsystem19.orbital_properties.labels.y_axis","xAxisLabel":"astronomy::orbital_properties.eccentricity_plural","xValueAccessor":"eccentricity","yValueAccessor":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"tooltipAccessors":["countOfTotal","eccentricity"],"tooltipLabels":["solar-system::widgets.solarsystem19.orbital_properties.labels.tooltip","astronomy::orbital_properties.eccentricity"],"bins":20,"qaReview":null}},{"type":"OrbitalProperties","source":"/data/neos/final_inclination_hist.json","options":{"title":"astronomy::orbital_properties.inclination_plural","icon":null,"domain":[[0,180],[]],"yAxisLabel":"solar-system::widgets.solarsystem19.orbital_properties.labels.y_axis","xAxisLabel":"astronomy::orbital_properties.inclination_unit_plural","xValueAccessor":"inclination","yValueAccessor":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"tooltipAccessors":["countOfTotal","inclination"],"tooltipLabels":["solar-system::widgets.solarsystem19.orbital_properties.labels.tooltip","astronomy::orbital_properties.inclination_unit"],"bins":18,"qaReview":null}}],"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"69a","questionType":"range","compoundQuestion":["69a","69b","69c","69d","69e","69f"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"range","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null},{"id":"69b","questionType":"text","compoundQuestion":["69a","69b","69c","69d","69e","69f"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null},{"id":"69c","questionType":"range","compoundQuestion":["69a","69b","69c","69d","69e","69f"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"range","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null},{"id":"69d","questionType":"text","compoundQuestion":["69a","69b","69c","69d","69e","69f"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null},{"id":"69e","questionType":"range","compoundQuestion":["69a","69b","69c","69d","69e","69f"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"range","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null},{"id":"69f","questionType":"text","compoundQuestion":["69a","69b","69c","69d","69e","69f"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":[{"label":"solar-system::tables.newGroupProperties.label","id":"newGroupProperties","fixed":true,"colTitles":["solar-system::tables.newGroupProperties.colTitles.0","solar-system::tables.newGroupProperties.colTitles.1","solar-system::tables.newGroupProperties.colTitles.2"],"rowTitles":[["astronomy::orbital_properties.orbit_size_with_unit"],["astronomy::orbital_properties.eccentricity"],["astronomy::orbital_properties.inclination_unit_symbol"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"text","id":"69a"},{"accessor":"text","id":"69b"}],[{"accessor":"text","id":"69c"},{"accessor":"text","id":"69d"}],[{"accessor":"text","id":"69e"},{"accessor":"text","id":"69f"}]]}],"layout":null}]},{"id":"solarsystem29","investigation":"solar-system","layout":"SingleCol","slug":"orbital-interpretation/","title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem29.title","sectionOrder":2,"order":"29","content":"solar-system::content.solarsystem29","next":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem30.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem30.link"},"previous":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem28.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem28.link"},"tables":[{"id":"newGroupProperties","title":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"middle"},"fixed":true,"colTitles":["solar-system::tables.newGroupProperties.colTitles.0","solar-system::tables.newGroupProperties.colTitles.1","solar-system::tables.newGroupProperties.colTitles.2"],"rowTitles":[["astronomy::orbital_properties.orbit_size_with_unit"],["astronomy::orbital_properties.eccentricity"],["astronomy::orbital_properties.inclination_unit_symbol"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"range","id":"69a","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"69b","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"range","id":"69c","content":null,"type":"eccentricity"},{"accessor":"data","id":"69d","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"range","id":"69e","content":null,"type":"inclination"},{"accessor":"data","id":"69f","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":false}],"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"55","questionType":"text","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"solar-system::questions.55.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"solarsystem30","investigation":"solar-system","layout":"SingleCol","slug":"orbital-interpretation-1/","title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem30.title","sectionOrder":2,"order":"30","content":"solar-system::content.solarsystem29","next":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem31.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem31.link"},"previous":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem29.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem29.link"},"tables":[{"id":"newGroupProperties","title":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"middle"},"fixed":true,"colTitles":["solar-system::tables.newGroupProperties.colTitles.0","solar-system::tables.newGroupProperties.colTitles.1","solar-system::tables.newGroupProperties.colTitles.2"],"rowTitles":[["astronomy::orbital_properties.orbit_size_with_unit"],["astronomy::orbital_properties.eccentricity"],["astronomy::orbital_properties.inclination_unit_symbol"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"range","id":"69a","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"69b","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"range","id":"69c","content":null,"type":"eccentricity"},{"accessor":"data","id":"69d","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"range","id":"69e","content":null,"type":"inclination"},{"accessor":"data","id":"69f","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":false}],"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"56","questionType":"text","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"solar-system::questions.56.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"solarsystem31","investigation":"solar-system","layout":"SingleCol","slug":"orbital-interpretation-2/","title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem31.title","sectionOrder":2,"order":"31","content":"solar-system::content.solarsystem29","next":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem33.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem33.link"},"previous":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem30.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem30.link"},"tables":[{"id":"newGroupProperties","title":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"middle"},"fixed":true,"colTitles":["solar-system::tables.newGroupProperties.colTitles.0","solar-system::tables.newGroupProperties.colTitles.1","solar-system::tables.newGroupProperties.colTitles.2"],"rowTitles":[["astronomy::orbital_properties.orbit_size_with_unit"],["astronomy::orbital_properties.eccentricity"],["astronomy::orbital_properties.inclination_unit_symbol"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"range","id":"69a","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"69b","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"range","id":"69c","content":null,"type":"eccentricity"},{"accessor":"data","id":"69d","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"range","id":"69e","content":null,"type":"inclination"},{"accessor":"data","id":"69f","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":false}],"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"57","questionType":"text","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"solar-system::questions.57.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"solarsystem33","investigation":"solar-system","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"categorizing-new-discoveries/","title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem33.title","sectionOrder":2,"order":"33","content":"solar-system::content.solarsystem33","next":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem34.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem34.link"},"previous":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem31.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem31.link"},"tables":[{"id":"newGroupProperties","title":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"bottom"},"fixed":true,"colTitles":["solar-system::tables.newGroupProperties.colTitles.0","solar-system::tables.newGroupProperties.colTitles.1","solar-system::tables.newGroupProperties.colTitles.2"],"rowTitles":[["astronomy::orbital_properties.orbit_size_with_unit"],["astronomy::orbital_properties.eccentricity"],["astronomy::orbital_properties.inclination_unit_symbol"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"range","id":"69a","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"69b","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"range","id":"69c","content":null,"type":"eccentricity"},{"accessor":"data","id":"69d","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"range","id":"69e","content":null,"type":"inclination"},{"accessor":"data","id":"69f","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":false}],"widgets":[{"type":"OrbitalViewer","source":"/data/neos/FINAL_orbit_50sample_wname2021.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":0.05,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":true,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"58","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"solar-system::questions.58.labelPre","labelPost":"solar-system::questions.58.labelPost","srLabel":null,"answerPre":"interface::qas.answer_pre","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"interface::actions.select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"interface::qas.options.most","value":"interface::qas.options.most"},{"label":"interface::qas.options.many","value":"interface::qas.options.many"},{"label":"interface::qas.options.few","value":"interface::qas.options.few"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"59","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"solar-system::questions.59.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"solarsystem34","investigation":"solar-system","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"solar-system-summary-6/","title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem34.title","sectionOrder":2,"order":"34","content":null,"next":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem36.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem36.link"},"previous":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem33.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem33.link"},"tables":[{"id":"1","title":null,"layout":{"col":"right","row":"top"},"fixed":true,"colTitles":["astronomy::orbital_properties.group","astronomy::orbital_properties.size_of_orbit","astronomy::orbital_properties.eccentricity","astronomy::orbital_properties.inclination","astronomy::orbital_properties.direction_of_orbit"],"rowTitles":[["astronomy::orbital_bodies.neo_abbrev_plural"],["astronomy::orbital_bodies.mba_abbrev_plural"],["astronomy::orbital_bodies.tno_abbrev_plural"],["astronomy::orbital_bodies.comet_plural"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"data","id":"6","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"4","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"5","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"7","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"10","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"8","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"9","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"11","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"14","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"12","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"13","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"15","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"18","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"16","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"17","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"19","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":false},{"id":"newGroupProperties","title":null,"layout":{"col":"right","row":"bottom"},"fixed":true,"colTitles":["solar-system::tables.newGroupProperties.colTitles.0","solar-system::tables.newGroupProperties.colTitles.1","solar-system::tables.newGroupProperties.colTitles.2"],"rowTitles":[["astronomy::orbital_properties.orbit_size_with_unit"],["astronomy::orbital_properties.eccentricity"],["astronomy::orbital_properties.inclination_unit_symbol"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"range","id":"69a","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"69b","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"range","id":"69c","content":null,"type":"eccentricity"},{"accessor":"data","id":"69d","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"range","id":"69e","content":null,"type":"inclination"},{"accessor":"data","id":"69f","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":false}],"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"80","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"solar-system::questions.80.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"81","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"solar-system::questions.81.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"82","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"solar-system::questions.82.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"83","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"solar-system::questions.83.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"solarsystem36","investigation":"solar-system","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"solar-system-discuss-report/","title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem36.title","sectionOrder":2,"order":"36","content":null,"next":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem37.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem37.link"},"previous":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem34.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem34.link"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"73","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"solar-system::questions.73.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"74","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"solar-system::questions.74.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"solarsystem37","investigation":"solar-system","layout":"SingleCol","slug":"acknowledgements/","title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem37.title","sectionOrder":2,"order":"37","content":"solar-system::content.solarsystem37","next":{"title":null,"link":null},"previous":{"title":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem36.title","link":"solar-system::pages.solarsystem36.link"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":null},{"id":"expand20","investigation":"expanding-universe","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"discuss-report/","title":"expanding-universe::pages.expand20.title","sectionOrder":3,"order":"20","content":null,"next":{"title":"expanding-universe::pages.expand21.title","link":"expanding-universe::pages.expand21.link"},"previous":{"title":"expanding-universe::pages.expanding-universe-3-break.title","link":"expanding-universe::pages.expanding-universe-3-break.link"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"HubblePlot","source":null,"sources":["/data/galaxies/large_hubble_sample.json","/data/galaxies/galaxy_selector.json"],"widgets":null,"layout":{"col":"right","row":"bottom"},"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":"7","lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":true,"multiple":true,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":[[0,5000],[0,175000]],"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":["7"],"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"25","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"expanding-universe::questions.25.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"26","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"expanding-universe::questions.26.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"qoEv2j","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"expanding-universe::questions.qoEv2j.label","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"expand21","investigation":"expanding-universe","layout":"SingleCol","slug":"summary/","title":"expanding-universe::pages.expand21.title","sectionOrder":3,"order":"21","content":null,"next":{"title":"expanding-universe::pages.expanding-universe-4-break.title","link":"expanding-universe::pages.expanding-universe-4-break.link"},"previous":{"title":"expanding-universe::pages.expand20.title","link":"expanding-universe::pages.expand20.link"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"28","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["28","29","30"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"expanding-universe::questions.28.labelPre","labelPost":", ","srLabel":"...","answerPre":" ","answerPost":".","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"interface::qas.placeholders.select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"expanding-universe::questions.28.options.0","value":"redshifted"},{"label":"expanding-universe::questions.28.options.1","value":"blueshifted"}],"qaReview":null},{"id":"29","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["28","29","30"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"expanding-universe::questions.29.labelPre","labelPost":"expanding-universe::questions.29.labelPost","srLabel":"...","answerPre":" ","answerPost":".","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"interface::qas.placeholders.select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"expanding-universe::questions.29.options.0","value":"toward"},{"label":"expanding-universe::questions.29.options.1","value":"away from"}],"qaReview":null},{"id":"30","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["28","29","30"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"expanding-universe::questions.30.labelPre","labelPost":".","srLabel":"...","answerPre":" ","answerPost":".","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"interface::qas.placeholders.select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"expanding-universe::questions.30.options.0","value":"expanding"},{"label":"expanding-universe::questions.30.options.1","value":"contracting"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"27","questionType":"multiSelect","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"expanding-universe::questions.27.labelPre","labelPost":"expanding-universe::questions.27.labelPost","srLabel":null,"answerPre":"interface::qas.answer_pre","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"multi-select","placeholder":"interface::qas.placeholders.select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"expanding-universe::questions.27.options.0","value":"color"},{"label":"expanding-universe::questions.27.options.1","value":"brightness"},{"label":"expanding-universe::questions.27.options.2","value":"distance"},{"label":"expanding-universe::questions.27.options.3","value":"recessional velocity"},{"label":"expanding-universe::questions.27.options.4","value":"age"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"39","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"expanding-universe::questions.39.labelPre","labelPost":" .","srLabel":null,"answerPre":"interface::qas.answer_pre","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"interface::qas.placeholders.select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"expanding-universe::questions.39.options.0","value":"steep"},{"label":"expanding-universe::questions.39.options.1","value":"flatter"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"40","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"expanding-universe::questions.40.labelPre","labelPost":"expanding-universe::questions.40.labelPost","srLabel":null,"answerPre":"interface::qas.answer_pre","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"interface::qas.placeholders.select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"expanding-universe::questions.40.options.0","value":"towards"},{"label":"expanding-universe::questions.40.options.1","value":"away from"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"41","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"expanding-universe::questions.41.labelPre","labelPost":".","srLabel":null,"answerPre":"interface::qas.answer_pre","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"interface::qas.placeholders.select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"expanding-universe::questions.41.options.0","value":"does not have a center"},{"label":"expanding-universe::questions.41.options.1","value":"has an edge"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"33","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["33","34"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"expanding-universe::questions.33.labelPre","labelPost":" , ","srLabel":"...","answerPre":" ","answerPost":".","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"interface::qas.placeholders.select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"expanding-universe::questions.33.options.0","value":"a long time ago"},{"label":"expanding-universe::questions.33.options.1","value":"close to our time"}],"qaReview":null},{"id":"34","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["33","34"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"expanding-universe::questions.34.labelPre","labelPost":".","srLabel":"...","answerPre":" ","answerPost":".","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"interface::qas.placeholders.select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"expanding-universe::questions.34.options.0","value":"a long time ago"},{"label":"expanding-universe::questions.34.options.1","value":"from more recent times"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"35","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["35","36","37"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"expanding-universe::questions.35.labelPre","labelPost":"expanding-universe::questions.35.labelPost","srLabel":"...","answerPre":" ","answerPost":".","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"interface::qas.placeholders.select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"expanding-universe::questions.35.options.0","value":"steeper"},{"label":"expanding-universe::questions.35.options.1","value":"flatter"}],"qaReview":null},{"id":"36","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["35","36","37"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"expanding-universe::questions.36.labelPre","labelPost":"expanding-universe::questions.36.labelPost","srLabel":"...","answerPre":" ","answerPost":".","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"interface::qas.placeholders.select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"expanding-universe::questions.36.options.0","value":"faster"},{"label":"expanding-universe::questions.36.options.1","value":"slower"}],"qaReview":null},{"id":"37","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["35","36","37"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"expanding-universe::questions.37.labelPre","labelPost":"expanding-universe::questions.37.labelPost","srLabel":"...","answerPre":" ","answerPost":".","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"interface::qas.placeholders.select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"expanding-universe::questions.37.options.0","value":"speeding up"},{"label":"expanding-universe::questions.37.options.1","value":"slowing down"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"expanding-universe-4-break","investigation":"expanding-universe","layout":"SectionBreak","slug":"section-4/","title":"expanding-universe::pages.expanding-universe-4-break.title","sectionOrder":3,"order":"22","content":null,"next":{"title":"expanding-universe::pages.expand23.title","link":"expanding-universe::pages.expand23.link"},"previous":{"title":"expanding-universe::pages.expand21.title","link":"expanding-universe::pages.expand21.link"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":null},{"id":"expand23","investigation":"expanding-universe","layout":"SingleCol","slug":"acknowledgements/","title":"expanding-universe::pages.expand23.title","sectionOrder":3,"order":"23","content":"expanding-universe::content.expand23","next":{"title":null,"link":null},"previous":{"title":"expanding-universe::pages.expanding-universe-4-break.title","link":"expanding-universe::pages.expanding-universe-4-break.link"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":null},{"id":"demo-0","investigation":"demo-mini","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"introduction/","title":"Education and Public Outreach: Interacting with Data in the Browser","sectionOrder":null,"order":"00","content":"Over the past year, the Rubin EPO team has built many browser-based tools for directly interfacing with real astronomical data. Currently these tools have been applied specifically to formal classroom “investigations” for students in advanced middle school through college into levels.
In the following pages, we invite you to explore samples of these interactive widgets. You can get a sense of the intuitive interactions we have built to enable someone to easily make conne.ctions between the data and the astronomy concept.
Please note that these widgets and interactions normally exist within a full classroom experience and with prerequisite concepts covered by the teacher. These investigations take 1-2 hours to fully complete, use Rubin’s LSST data to explore a range of commonly-taught principles in astronomy and physics, and offer all of the context necessary to use the tools featured on these pages. You can find links to the currently available full draft investigations are at the end of this sequence.
We hope you enjoy this exploration!
","next":{"title":"Creating a Hubble Plot","link":"/hubble-plot-1/"},"previous":{"title":"","link":""},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":null},{"id":"hazardous00","investigation":"hazardous-asteroids","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"introduction/","title":"Introduction","sectionOrder":null,"order":"00","content":"Every so often you hear in the news about an asteroid that is passing close to Earth. Or maybe you’ve seen a movie about a killer asteroid headed our way, with catastrophic consequences if it hits us. Are there asteroids out there that might hit us? How do astronomers find them? And what would happen if one hit us?
Early detection of an asteroid that may pose a threat to Earth allows scientists more time to accurately determine its orbit and properties, and then choose the most effective intervention strategy. Vera C. Rubin Observatory excels at discovering new asteroids because it monitors large areas of the sky every night and can detect very dim moving objects. In this investigation you will learn how to decide if an asteroid poses a threat to hit Earth, and how much damage an impact could cause. Then you will have the opportunity to evaluate whether a newly-discovered asteroid by Rubin Observatory presents a threat to Earth.
Chinese astronomers studying the skies almost 1000 years ago suddenly noticed a brand new star—it shone brightly in the sky for about eight months before disappearing. This was the first recorded appearance of a supernova, and since then there have been fewer than ten that have been bright enough to be seen by eye.
To observers on Earth, supernovae may appear to be bright new stars (“nova” means “new” in Latin), but in fact they are the end stages of stars that explode in just a few seconds, releasing tremendous amounts of energy. The blast of energy from a supernova would destroy all life on any planet within a 50-light-year radius. The light from a supernova is so bright that for a short time it can outshine the combined light from all the other stars in a galaxy.
Although supernovae are massively destructive, they are also responsible for the creation of elements heavier than iron, which is critical for life. Supernova explosions enrich the region of space surrounding them with matter like the oxygen you breathe and the calcium in your bones. The shock waves produced by their explosions can even trigger the formation of new stars and planetary systems.
Rubin Observatory detects over 250,000 supernovae per year. Some of these supernovae always have the same brightness when they explode, and can be used to measure the distances to far away galaxies in the Universe.
Milky Way intro page
","next":{"title":"Acknowledgement Page","link":"/acknowledgements/"},"previous":{"title":"","link":""},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":null},{"id":"ngsssolarsystem00","investigation":"ngss-solar-system","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"introduction/","title":"Introduction","sectionOrder":null,"order":"00","content":"For hundreds of years we had a simple model for the objects in our Solar System: some large planets and their moons, and occasionally a passing comet. Then came the discovery of the first asteroid, Ceres, in 1801, an indication there was more going on out there than we thought. Sure enough, over the next 200 years about 800,000 small Solar System objects (which includes asteroids, comets, and trans-Neptunian objects) were discovered. At first the rate of discovery was slow, but advances in technology, which have made it possible to detect smaller and more distant objects, have sped up the process.
Our observatory provides the most powerful observational tool we’ve ever had to study small Solar System objects; the size of the telescope’s mirrors and the sensitivity of its camera combine with the speed that the telescope surveys the night sky to help us see more objects in our Solar System than ever before. Each image covers a large area of the sky, and captures light even from very faint objects, making it possible to measure the motions of millions of small Solar System objects per night. Many of these are brand new discoveries.
In this investigation, you will explore real data to develop a deeper understanding of how small objects are distributed throughout the Solar System. You will also examine the orbits of some newly detected Solar System objects, in order to classify them. Together, these observations will help us put together the story of how our Solar System formed, and give us insights into what we might find around other stars that have exoplanets.
We know the Universe is big, but how big is it? It's full of fascinating objects we can see, and a lot of things we can't. Does the Universe go on forever? Where are we in the Universe? These questions are profound, and not easily answered, but scientists are exploring large amounts of data generated by Rubin Observatory to learn more.
To find answers to these cosmic questions, astronomers start by analyzing the light from distant objects. Deep field images are produced by observing an area of space (a field) for long periods of time. This technique reveals millions of faraway galaxies that are otherwise too dim to be seen.
Since the Rubin Observatory telescope and camera system observes the same fields over and over every few days, it is revolutionizing our view of the Universe by detecting billions of new galaxies.
You can use the light from these galaxies to develop an estimate for the size of the observable Universe, and to look back at different ages in the history of the Universe to see how its structure has changed over time.
A Window to the Stars intro page
","next":{"title":"Acknowledgements","link":"/acknowledgements/"},"previous":{"title":"","link":""},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":null},{"id":"coloring00","investigation":"coloring-universe","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"introduction/","title":"Introduction","sectionOrder":null,"order":"000","content":"Have you ever wondered how astronomers learn about objects in the Universe if they can’t visit them in person? Nearly everything astronomers know about the stars and galaxies in the Universe comes from the light we receive from these objects. Fortunately, that light contains a wealth of information. In this investigation, you will learn how astronomers use light and filters to understand distant cosmic objects like galaxies, dusty nebulae, and star-forming regions.
Most asteroids orbit the Sun between the planets Mars and Jupiter, but some have orbits closer to Earth. The diagram at right shows the orbits of three asteroids and the Earth. Click on the names of the asteroids (Amor, Apollo, and Atira) to see their orbits.
Note: you can scroll to zoom in and out, and right click and drag to change the location of the objects in the window.
","next":{"title":"Examining Asteroid Orbits from a Different Perspective","link":"/close-to-earth-4/"},"previous":{"title":"Introduction","link":"/introduction/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"OrbitalViewer","source":"/data/neos/three-neos.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":true,"multiple":true,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":true,"pov":"top","bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":true,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":["earth"]}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"1","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"In this top-down view, which of the three objects appears to have an orbit that crosses Earth’s orbit?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select an asteroid","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"Amor","value":"Amor"},{"label":"Apollo","value":"Apollo"},{"label":"Atira","value":"Atira"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"2","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Which of these three asteroids could hit Earth based on the orbit shown in this top-down view?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select an asteroid","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"Amor","value":"Amor"},{"label":"Apollo","value":"Apollo"},{"label":"Atira","value":"Atira"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"demo-1","investigation":"demo-mini","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"hubble-plot-1/","title":"Gathering the Data for a Hubble Plot - Galaxy 1","sectionOrder":null,"order":"01","content":null,"next":{"title":"Gathering the Data for a Hubble Plot - Galaxy 2","link":"/hubble-plot-1-1/"},"previous":{"title":"Introduction","link":"/introduction/"},"tables":[{"id":"1","title":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"bottom"},"fixed":null,"colTitles":["","Galaxy Velocity","Supernova Distance"],"rowTitles":[["Galaxy #1"],["Galaxy #2"],["Galaxy #3"],["Galaxy #4"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"velocity","id":"350","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"distance","id":"350","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"velocity","id":"351","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"distance","id":"351","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"velocity","id":"352","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"distance","id":"352","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"velocity","id":"353","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"distance","id":"353","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":false}],"widgets":[{"type":"GalaxySupernovaSelector","source":"/data/galaxies/galaxy_selector.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":"ZTF19abqmpsr","preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":"350","hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":true,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"350","questionType":"accordion","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Identify the supernova by clicking on it. A colored circle should appear when you have correctly located it. Then identify the center of the galaxy by clicking on it. Another colored circle should appear when you have correctly located it. Your data for the supernova and the galaxy will appear in the chart. Repeat this process for each galaxy in the following pages.
","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"galaxySupernova","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"01","investigation":"exploding-stars","layout":"SingleCol","slug":"discovering-supernovae/","title":"Discovering Supernovae","sectionOrder":null,"order":"01","content":"This image shows a supernova that exploded in the nearby galaxy M101. The supernova is circled. Notice that it is bright compared to the light from its host galaxy. But how can we know if it’s a supernova? The answer is, with this picture alone, we can’t!
Astronomers find supernovae by comparing two or more images of the same region in the sky and looking for sudden changes in the brightness of an object in the images. Since supernovae are found in galaxies, we search for supernovae by comparing images of the same galaxy taken at different times (a technique called “blinking”). Once astronomers find a supernova, they take as many images as possible over a period of months to study how the supernova changes in brightness. Since Rubin Observatory takes images of the entire sky (visible from its location) every three to four nights, it has a much greater ability to detect the changes in brightness of objects than other telescopes.
","next":{"title":"Blinking Supernovae","link":"/blinking-supernovae/"},"previous":{"title":"Introduction","link":"/introduction/"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":null},{"id":"coloring01","investigation":"coloring-universe","layout":"SingleCol","slug":"types-of-light/","title":"Types of Light","sectionOrder":null,"order":"010","content":null,"next":{"title":"Types of Visible Light","link":"/types-of-visible-light/"},"previous":{"title":"Introduction","link":"/introduction/"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":null},{"id":"coloring01.1","investigation":"coloring-universe","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"types-of-visible-light/","title":"Types of Visible Light","sectionOrder":null,"order":"011","content":null,"next":{"title":"How Filters Work","link":"/how-filters-work/"},"previous":{"title":"Types of Light","link":"/types-of-light/"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":null},{"id":"demo-1-1","investigation":"demo-mini","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"hubble-plot-1-1/","title":"Gathering the Data for a Hubble Plot - Galaxy 2","sectionOrder":null,"order":"01a","content":"","next":{"title":"Gathering the Data for a Hubble Plot - Galaxy 3","link":"/hubble-plot-1-2/"},"previous":{"title":"Gathering the Data for a Hubble Plot - Galaxy 1","link":"/hubble-plot-1/"},"tables":[{"id":"1","title":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"bottom"},"fixed":null,"colTitles":["","Galaxy Velocity","Supernova Distance"],"rowTitles":[["Galaxy #1"],["Galaxy #2"],["Galaxy #3"],["Galaxy #4"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"velocity","id":"350","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"distance","id":"350","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"velocity","id":"351","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"distance","id":"351","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"velocity","id":"352","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"distance","id":"352","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"velocity","id":"353","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"distance","id":"353","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":false}],"widgets":[{"type":"GalaxySupernovaSelector","source":"/data/galaxies/galaxy_selector.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":"ZTF20acuxpwz","preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":"351","hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":true,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"351","questionType":"accordion","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Identify the supernova by clicking on it. A colored circle should appear when you have correctly located it. Then identify the center of the galaxy by clicking on it. Another colored circle should appear when you have correctly located it. Repeat this process for each galaxy in the following pages.
","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"galaxySupernova","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"demo-1-2","investigation":"demo-mini","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"hubble-plot-1-2/","title":"Gathering the Data for a Hubble Plot - Galaxy 3","sectionOrder":null,"order":"01b","content":"","next":{"title":"Gathering the Data for a Hubble Plot - Galaxy 4","link":"/hubble-plot-1-3/"},"previous":{"title":"Gathering the Data for a Hubble Plot - Galaxy 2","link":"/hubble-plot-1-1/"},"tables":[{"id":"1","title":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"bottom"},"fixed":null,"colTitles":["","Galaxy Velocity","Supernova Distance"],"rowTitles":[["Galaxy #1"],["Galaxy #2"],["Galaxy #3"],["Galaxy #4"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"velocity","id":"350","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"distance","id":"350","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"velocity","id":"351","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"distance","id":"351","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"velocity","id":"352","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"distance","id":"352","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"velocity","id":"353","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"distance","id":"353","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":false}],"widgets":[{"type":"GalaxySupernovaSelector","source":"/data/galaxies/galaxy_selector.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":"ZTF20acymtcs","preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":"352","hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":true,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"352","questionType":"accordion","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Identify the supernova by clicking on it. A colored circle should appear when you have correctly located it. Then identify the center of the galaxy by clicking on it. Another colored circle should appear when you have correctly located it. Repeat this process for the galaxy on the next page.
","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"galaxySupernova","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"demo-1-3","investigation":"demo-mini","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"hubble-plot-1-3/","title":"Gathering the Data for a Hubble Plot - Galaxy 4","sectionOrder":null,"order":"01c","content":"","next":{"title":"Constructing a Hubble plot","link":"/hubble-plot-2/"},"previous":{"title":"Gathering the Data for a Hubble Plot - Galaxy 3","link":"/hubble-plot-1-2/"},"tables":[{"id":"1","title":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"bottom"},"fixed":null,"colTitles":["","Galaxy Velocity","Supernova Distance"],"rowTitles":[["Galaxy #1"],["Galaxy #2"],["Galaxy #3"],["Galaxy #4"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"velocity","id":"350","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"distance","id":"350","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"velocity","id":"351","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"distance","id":"351","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"velocity","id":"352","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"distance","id":"352","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"velocity","id":"353","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"distance","id":"353","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":false}],"widgets":[{"type":"GalaxySupernovaSelector","source":"/data/galaxies/galaxy_selector.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":"ZTF20acxzkkf","preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":"353","hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":true,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"353","questionType":"accordion","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Identify the supernova by clicking on it. A colored circle should appear when you have correctly located it. Then identify the center of the galaxy by clicking on it. Another colored circle should appear when you have correctly located it.
","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"galaxySupernova","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"02","investigation":"exploding-stars","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"blinking-supernovae/","title":"Blinking Supernovae","sectionOrder":null,"order":"02","content":"These are a series of images showing a supernova discovered in a galaxy. The first image was taken before the explosion and the rest of the images were taken afterwards over a period of days. Use the controls to pause, play, or move through these images one at a time. Can you find the supernova? It appears as a bright spot, but then it fades from view. When you find the supernova, click on it.
","next":{"title":"Observing Supernovae ","link":"/observing-supernovae/"},"previous":{"title":"Discovering Supernovae","link":"/discovering-supernovae/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"SupernovaSelectorWithLightCurve","source":"/data/galaxies/ZTF19abqqmui_g_lightcurve.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":true,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":"50","hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":true,"loop":false,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"50","questionType":"accordion","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":"selection","label":"Click on a point on the image to select the supernova
","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected Supernova: ","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"supernova","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":false}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"demo-2","investigation":"demo-mini","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"hubble-plot-2/","title":"Constructing a Hubble plot","sectionOrder":null,"order":"02","content":"","next":{"title":"Determining the Hubble Constant","link":"/hubble-plot-2-1/"},"previous":{"title":"Creating a Hubble Plot","link":"/hubble-plot-1-3/"},"tables":[{"id":"1","title":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"bottom"},"fixed":null,"colTitles":["","Galaxy Velocity","Supernova Distance"],"rowTitles":[["Galaxy #1"],["Galaxy #2"],["Galaxy #3"],["Galaxy #4"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"velocity","id":"350","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"distance","id":"350","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"velocity","id":"351","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"distance","id":"351","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"velocity","id":"352","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"distance","id":"352","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"velocity","id":"353","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"distance","id":"353","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":null}],"widgets":[{"type":"HubblePlotter","source":"/data/galaxies/galaxy_selector.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":"252","hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":[[0,700],[0,50000]],"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":null,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"252","questionType":"accordion","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":"selection","label":"Plot the data from your table by clicking on the correct location on the graph. You can adjust the location of your dot by clicking and dragging it to the desired location. You can also zoom on the plot for more accurate point placement.
","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"hubblePlot","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"observable2","investigation":"observable-universe","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"measuring-distances/","title":"Measuring Distances in the Universe","sectionOrder":null,"order":"02","content":"Over its ten-year survey, Rubin Observatory will detect about 20 billion galaxies, most of them very faint because of their large distances from Earth. The Rubin Observatory LSST Camera captures the brightness of these galaxies through different filters, which are then measured and compared to models for the light from galaxies at different distances. The distance of the best matching model is used to estimate the distance for the observed galaxy.
","next":{"title":"Exploring a Deep Field","link":"/exploring-the-deep/"},"previous":{"title":"Introduction","link":"/introduction/"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":null},{"id":"ngsssolarsystem02","investigation":"ngss-solar-system","layout":"SingleCol","slug":"detecting-objects/","title":"Detecting Solar System Objects","sectionOrder":null,"order":"02","content":null,"next":{"title":"Semi-Major Axis","link":"/semi-major-axis/"},"previous":{"title":"Introduction","link":"/introduction/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"TimeDomainDoubleViewer","source":null,"sources":["/data/neos/2003_QZ30.json","/data/neos/tno120132.json"],"widgets":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"middle"},"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":false,"loop":null,"preSelected":true,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"1","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Calculate the time it takes each object to move from its first to last position. (The times are displayed in the upper right corner of each image). Is the amount of time it takes for the two objects to move across the sky approximately the same?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"yes","value":"yes"},{"label":"no","value":"no"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"2","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["2","3"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"The object that takes a longer time to move across the field of view is ","labelPost":" from the Sun, ","srLabel":"...","answerPre":"...","answerPost":"...","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"closer","value":"closer"},{"label":"farther","value":"farther"}],"qaReview":null},{"id":"3","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["2","3"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"and will have a ","labelPost":" orbital period.","srLabel":"...","answerPre":"...","answerPost":"...","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"Select a type","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"long","value":"long"},{"label":"short","value":"short"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"coloring02","investigation":"coloring-universe","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"how-filters-work/","title":"How Filters Work","sectionOrder":null,"order":"020","content":"Filters allow only certain wavelengths of light to pass through them, while blocking other wavelengths.","next":{"title":"How Digital Cameras Construct A Color Image","link":"/construct-a-color-image/"},"previous":{"title":"Types Of Visible Light","link":"/types-of-visible-light/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"PrismWidget","source":null,"sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":{"col":"right","row":"top"},"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":"prismTool_01","potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"prismTool_01","questionType":"prompt","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"To better understand how filters work, try out the filter tool.
Select a filter from the dropdown menu and observe the effect that filter has on the light coming out of the prism.
","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"2a","questionType":"text","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Choose the red filter. What does the filter do to the red light?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"2b","questionType":"text","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"With the red filter selected, what does it do to the other colors of light?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"3a","questionType":"text","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Choose the green filter. What does the filter do to the green light?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"3b","questionType":"text","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"With the green filter selected, what does it do to the other colors of light?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"demo-2-1","investigation":"demo-mini","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"hubble-plot-2-1/","title":"Determining the Hubble Constant","sectionOrder":null,"order":"02a","content":"Click and drag on the graph to add a trendline to your Hubble plot. Place your trendline where you feel it best fits your data. The slope of this trendline is known as the Hubble Constant.
","next":{"title":"Testing the Hubble-Lemaître Law from Another Place in the Universe","link":"/hubble-plot-3/"},"previous":{"title":"Constructing a Hubble plot","link":"/hubble-plot-2/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"HubblePlot","source":null,"sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":"252","createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":"7","lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":[[0,700],[0,50000]],"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":null,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"7","questionType":"accordion","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":"selection","label":"Click and drag anywhere on the Hubble plot to add a trendline
","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Hubble Constant: ","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"hubbleConstant","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"demo-3","investigation":"demo-mini","layout":"SingleCol","slug":"hubble-plot-3/","title":"Testing the Hubble-Lemaître Law from Another Place in the Universe","sectionOrder":null,"order":"03","content":"Does the Universe appear to expand at the same rate, regardless of where an observer is located? Change your location (what galaxy is at the origin in the Hubble plot) and notice how the Hubble plot changes.
The other 3D visualization shows the position of all the galaxies used in the Hubble plot. This 3D visualization can be rotated (click and drag) or zoomed (scroll).
","next":{"title":"Observing Supernovae & Plotting a Light Curve","link":"/observing-sn/"},"previous":{"title":"Determining the Hubble Constant","link":"/hubble-plot-2-1/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"GalaxyScrambler","source":"/data/galaxies/scrambler-2.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":65.7,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":true,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":[[0,1300],[0,75000]],"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":null},{"id":"observable3","investigation":"observable-universe","layout":null,"slug":"exploring-the-deep/","title":"Exploring a Deep Field","sectionOrder":null,"order":"03","content":"Here’s a deep field image from the Rubin Observatory LSST Camera. Nearly all of the objects in this image are galaxies, but many appear so small they could easily be mistaken for stars. This image shows thousands of galaxies of different sizes, brightness, and colors.
What relationships may exist between the brightness and color of a galaxy and its distance? Let’s find out.
","next":{"title":"Exploring the Relationship between Brightness and Distance","link":"/exploring-the-deep-1/"},"previous":{"title":"Measuring Distances in the Universe","link":"/measuring-distances/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"GalaxiesSelector","source":null,"sources":["/data/galaxies/hsc/hsc_sub01.json","/data/galaxies/hsc/hsc_sub02.json","/data/galaxies/hsc/hsc_sub03.json","/data/galaxies/hsc/hsc_sub04.json","/data/galaxies/hsc/hsc_sub05.json","/data/galaxies/hsc/hsc_sub06.json","/data/galaxies/hsc/hsc_sub07.json","/data/galaxies/hsc/hsc_sub08.json","/data/galaxies/hsc/hsc_sub09.json","/data/galaxies/hsc/hsc_sub10.json","/data/galaxies/hsc/hsc_sub11.json","/data/galaxies/hsc/hsc_sub12.json","/data/galaxies/hsc/hsc_sub13.json","/data/galaxies/hsc/hsc_sub14.json","/data/galaxies/hsc/hsc_sub15.json","/data/galaxies/hsc/hsc_sub16.json"],"widgets":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"bottom"},"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":"440","hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":true,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":"7","domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":"distance","yValueAccessor":"brightness","tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":null,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"440","questionType":"accordion","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":"selection","label":"Begin by clicking on twenty of the large galaxies in the image. As you do, a circle will appear around the galaxies you select and you will add data points to the plot at the right. Note: not all the galaxies in this image have data. Keep clicking until you can record at least twenty data points for large galaxies.
Then click on twenty of the small galaxies. Keep clicking until you have added at least twenty more data points for the small galaxies.
","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected Galaxies: ","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"galaxies","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"03","investigation":"exploding-stars","layout":"SingleCol","slug":"observing-supernovae/","title":"Observing Supernovae","sectionOrder":null,"order":"03","content":null,"next":{"title":"Classifying Type IIp Supernovae","link":"/classifying-supernovae-iip/"},"previous":{"title":"Blinking Supernovae","link":"/blinking-supernovae/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"SupernovaSelectorWithLightCurve","source":"/data/galaxies/ZTF19abqmpsr.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":{"col":null,"row":"middle"},"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":true,"showLightCurve":true,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":"82","hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":true,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"82","questionType":"accordion","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":"selection","label":"Click on the supernova in the image
","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected: ","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"supernova","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"51","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":"selection","label":"What is the best way to describe how the brightness of this supernova changes over time?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select the best description","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"It starts at peak brightness, then gradually gets dimmer","value":"It starts at peak brightness, then gradually gets dimmer"},{"label":"It starts out by getting brighter, reaches peak brightness, then gradually gets dimmer","value":"It starts out by getting brighter, reaches peak brightness, then gradually gets dimmer"},{"label":"It starts out very bright, gets dim, then begins to brighten again","value":"It starts out very bright, gets dim, then begins to brighten again"},{"label":"It starts very dim, then gradually gets brighter","value":"It starts very dim, then gradually gets brighter"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"coloring03","investigation":"coloring-universe","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"construct-a-color-image/","title":"Constructing a Color Image with Three Filters","sectionOrder":null,"order":"030","content":null,"next":{"title":"Constructing an Image with Three Filters","link":"/constructing-with-three-filters/"},"previous":{"title":"How Filters Work","link":"/how-filters-work/"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":null},{"id":"observable3a","investigation":"observable-universe","layout":null,"slug":"exploring-the-deep-1/","title":"Exploring the Relationship between Brightness and Distance","sectionOrder":null,"order":"03a","content":"Click on any point on the plot and the corresponding galaxy in the deep field image will be highlighted with a yellow circle.","next":{"title":"Exploring the Relationship between Color & Distance","link":"/color-and-distance/"},"previous":{"title":"Exploring a Deep Field","link":"/exploring-the-deep/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"GalaxiesSelector","source":null,"sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"bottom"},"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":"440","hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":"7","domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":"distance","yValueAccessor":"brightness","tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"1","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Do most nearby galaxies appear bright, dim, or are they both bright and dim? Explain your reasoning by using data from your plot to support your answer.","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"2","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Do most far away galaxies appear bright, dim, or are they both bright and dim? Explain your reasoning by using data from your plot to support your answer.","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"04","investigation":"exploding-stars","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"classifying-supernovae-iip/","title":"Type IIp Supernovae","sectionOrder":null,"order":"04","content":"One type of supernova happens when a high mass main sequence star nears the end of its life. If the star has a mass more than eight times that of the Sun, its core will eventually collapse when the outward pressure from fusion reactions can no longer balance the inward force of gravity. This causes a massive explosion (a supernova) triggering powerful fusion reactions creating elements heavier than iron, and emitting large amounts of energy and matter which blow off the outer layers of the star.
Supernovae of this type stay bright for over 90 days, and are called Type IIp (pronounced “type two-p”) supernovae. The peak brightness of Type IIp supernovae are not all the same, and depend on the mass of the main sequence star they come from. Type IIp supernovae typically peak at about 1 billion times the energy output of the Sun. Notice that the light curve of the Type IIp supernova increases until reaching a peak brightness, then its brightness level drops slightly. Afterwards, its brightness remains approximately the same for several months, before beginning to slowly fade.
","next":{"title":"Type Ia Supernovae","link":"/classifying-supernovae-ia/"},"previous":{"title":"Observing Supernovae ","link":"/observing-supernovae/"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":null},{"id":"hazardous04","investigation":"hazardous-asteroids","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"close-to-earth-4/","title":"Examining Asteroid Orbits from a Different Perspective","sectionOrder":null,"order":"04","content":"Next, look at the orbits of Earth and the asteroid Bennu from all possible angles.
Note: You can now rotate the objects in the window by left-clicking and dragging. (In addition, you can still zoom in and out and change the location of the objects in the window).
","next":{"title":"Tracking Potential Impacts Over Time","link":"/close-to-earth-5/"},"previous":{"title":"Looking at Asteroids Close to Earth","link":"/close-to-earth-1/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"OrbitalViewer","source":"/data/neos/bennu.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":true,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":true,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":1.5,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":true,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":["earth"]}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"5","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Do you think Bennu could hit Earth? Explain your reasoning.","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"demo-4","investigation":"demo-mini","layout":"SingleCol","slug":"observing-sn/","title":"Observing Supernovae","sectionOrder":null,"order":"04","content":"Can you find the supernova in this time-lapse? Click on the image where you think the supernova resides. Use the controls to play, pause, and skip forward and back.
Once you've found the supernova, data associated with the observations will populate the Light Curve graph. Click on a point on the Light Curve graph to learn more about that observation, and to skip to its associated image.
","next":{"title":"Determining the Peak Apparent Magnitude of Supernova","link":"/searching-sn/"},"previous":{"title":"Testing the Hubble-Lemaître Law from Another Place in the Universe","link":"/hubble-plot-3/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"SupernovaSelectorWithLightCurve","source":"/data/galaxies/ZTF19abqmpsr.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":{"col":null,"row":"middle"},"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":true,"showLightCurve":true,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":"4","hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":true,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"4","questionType":"accordion","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":"selection","label":"Click on a point on the Image to select the supernova
","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected: ","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"supernova","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"ngsssolarsystem04","investigation":"ngss-solar-system","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"semi-major-axis/","title":"Semi-Major Axis","sectionOrder":null,"order":"04","content":"By making a series of careful measurements, astronomers can determine the orbit for a newly discovered Solar System object. Three properties used to describe an orbit are used throughout this investigation.
Orbital size is related to the orbit's semi-major axis (which is defined as half of the longest diameter of the object's orbit). It is measured in astronomical units (au). You can also think of the orbit's semi-major axis as its average distance from the Sun.
","next":{"title":"Eccentricity","link":"/eccentricity/"},"previous":{"title":"Detecting Solar System Objects","link":"/detecting-objects/"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":null},{"id":"coloring04","investigation":"coloring-universe","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"constructing-with-three-filters/","title":"Constructing an Image with Three Filters","sectionOrder":null,"order":"040","content":null,"next":{"title":"Colorizing the Images","link":"/colorizing-the-images/"},"previous":{"title":"How Digital Cameras Construct A Color Image","link":"/construct-a-color-image/"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"4a","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["4a","4b","4c","4d"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"The red shirt looks","labelPost":"in the image taken through the red filter,","srLabel":"...","answerPre":"...","answerPost":"...","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"(dark/bright)","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"dark","value":"dark"},{"label":"bright","value":"bright"}],"qaReview":null},{"id":"4b","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["4a","4b","4c","4d"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"and looks ","labelPost":"in the image taken through the blue filter,","srLabel":"...","answerPre":"...","answerPost":"...","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"(dark/bright)","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"dark","value":"dark"},{"label":"bright","value":"bright"}],"qaReview":null},{"id":"4c","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["4a","4b","4c","4d"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"because the red filter","labelPost":"red light,","srLabel":"...","answerPre":"...","answerPost":"...","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"(passes/blocks)","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"passes","value":"passes"},{"label":"blocks","value":"blocks"}],"qaReview":null},{"id":"4d","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["4a","4b","4c","4d"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"and the blue filter","labelPost":"red light.","srLabel":"...","answerPre":"...","answerPost":"...","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"(passes/blocks)","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"passes","value":"passes"},{"label":"blocks","value":"blocks"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"5a","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["5a","5b","5c","5d"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"The green shirt looks","labelPost":"in the image taken through the red filter,","srLabel":"...","answerPre":"...","answerPost":"...","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"(dark/bright)","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"dark","value":"dark"},{"label":"bright","value":"bright"}],"qaReview":null},{"id":"5b","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["5a","5b","5c","5d"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"and looks","labelPost":"in the image taken through the green filter,","srLabel":"...","answerPre":"...","answerPost":"...","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"(dark/bright)","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"dark","value":"dark"},{"label":"bright","value":"bright"}],"qaReview":null},{"id":"5c","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["5a","5b","5c","5d"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"because the red filter","labelPost":"green light","srLabel":"...","answerPre":"...","answerPost":"...","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"(passes/blocks)","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"passes","value":"passes"},{"label":"blocks","value":"bright"}],"qaReview":null},{"id":"5d","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["5a","5b","5c","5d"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"and the green filter","labelPost":"green light.","srLabel":"...","answerPre":"...","answerPost":"...","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"(passes/blocks)","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"passes","value":"passes"},{"label":"blocks","value":"blocks"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"05","investigation":"exploding-stars","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"classifying-supernovae-ia/","title":"Type Ia Supernovae","sectionOrder":null,"order":"05","content":"A different type of supernova can form when a white dwarf exceeds a mass limit of about 1.4 times the mass of the Sun. This is called the Chandrasekhar Limit. If a white dwarf becomes more massive than this limit, it will collapse and explode as a Type Ia (pronounced “type one-a”) supernova. The Type Ia supernova, like the Type IIp, triggers powerful fusion reactions creating elements heavier than iron, and emitting large amounts of energy and matter.
To accumulate enough mass to exceed this limit, a white dwarf must be part of a binary star system. In one case the white dwarf is paired with a red giant star. If the two are close enough to each other, the white dwarf can pull gas from the red giant until the white dwarf reaches the Chandrasekhar Limit. In the second case, two white dwarfs merge together. In both cases, Type Ia supernovae reach the same peak brightness.
Type Ia supernovae increase to a peak brightness and then dim continuously over a period of months. Type Ia supernovae emit about 10 billion times more energy than the Sun at their peak brightness (significantly more energy output than the Type IIp supernovae).
","next":{"title":"Using Light Curves to Classify Supernovae","link":"/classifying-supernovae-light-curves/"},"previous":{"title":"Type IIp Supernovae","link":"/classifying-supernovae-iip/"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"520","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":"selection","label":"Which type of supernova is the most energetic and intrinsically bright?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select one","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"Ia","value":"Ia"},{"label":"IIp","value":"IIp"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"521","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":"selection","label":"Which type of supernova always has the same peak brightness?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select one","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"Ia","value":"Ia"},{"label":"IIp","value":"IIp"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"522","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":"selection","label":"Which type of supernova remains relatively bright for about 90 days?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select one","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"Ia","value":"Ia"},{"label":"IIp","value":"IIp"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"hazardous05","investigation":"hazardous-asteroids","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"close-to-earth-5/","title":"Tracking Potential Impacts Over Time","sectionOrder":null,"order":"05","content":null,"next":{"title":"Detecting an Asteroid","link":"/determining-orbits/"},"previous":{"title":"Examining Asteroid Orbits from a Different Perspective","link":"/close-to-earth-4/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"OrbitalViewer","source":"/data/neos/bennu.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":true,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":1.5,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":true,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":["earth"]}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"6","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Will Bennu hit Earth when their orbits cross? Explain your reasoning.","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"7","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Will Bennu hit Earth in the next ten years?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"8","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["8","9"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"In order to hit Earth, the orbit of an asteroid must","labelPost":"Earth’s orbit,","srLabel":"...","answerPre":"...","answerPost":"...","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"be inside of","value":"be inside of"},{"label":"intersect with","value":"intersect with"},{"label":"be outside of","value":"be outside of"}],"qaReview":null},{"id":"9","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["8","9"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"and the asteroid and Earth must be at","labelPost":".","srLabel":"...","answerPre":"...","answerPost":"...","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"Select a type","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"the same place","value":"the same place"},{"label":"different places","value":"different places"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"observable5","investigation":"observable-universe","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"color-and-distance/","title":"Exploring the Relationship between Reddening & Distance","sectionOrder":null,"order":"05","content":"The expansion of the Universe causes light waves to be stretched to longer wavelengths. The actual galaxy colors do not change, but from our vantage point on Earth they appear to become redder when their light is stretched to longer wavelengths. This stretching is called cosmological redshift.
Here are the data for all of the galaxies you selected in the Rubin Observatory deep field image, plotted by their redness vs distance.
The color of a galaxy may be converted into a numerical value by using a flux ratio, which is a comparison of how bright the galaxy appears through two different filters (in this case, it compares the galaxy brightness through the i filter to its brightness through the z filter). Smaller flux ratio numbers means the light from the object being observed appears redder.
","next":{"title":"The Cosmological Principle","link":"/cosmological-principle/"},"previous":{"title":"Exploring the Relationship between Brightness and Distance","link":"/exploring-the-deep-1/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"GalacticProperties","source":null,"sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":{"col":"right","row":"top"},"options":{"title":"Redness vs. Distance","hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":"440","createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":true,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":["triangle"],"color":"7","domain":[[0,16],[0,2]],"xAxisLabel":"Distance (Billion Ly)","yAxisLabel":"Flux ratio i/z (redness)","xValueAccessor":"distance","yValueAccessor":"color","tooltipAccessors":["distance","color"],"tooltipUnits":["Billion Ly","Flux ratio"],"tooltipLabels":["Distance","Flux"],"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"6","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"Based on the data in this plot, galaxies that are far away appear ","labelPost":" , as compared to nearby galaxies.","srLabel":"...","answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"redder","value":"redder"},{"label":"less red","value":"less red"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"8","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["8","9"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"Light that travels a large distance (and for a long time) while the Universe is expanding will be redshifted ","labelPost":",","srLabel":"...","answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"more","value":"more"},{"label":"less","value":"less"}],"qaReview":null},{"id":"9","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["8","9"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":" causing the light from more distant galaxies to appear ","labelPost":"","srLabel":"...","answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"redder","value":"redder"},{"label":"less red","value":"less red"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"demo-5","investigation":"demo-mini","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"searching-sn/","title":"Determining the Peak Apparent Magnitude of Supernovae","sectionOrder":null,"order":"05","content":null,"next":{"title":"Detecting Solar System Objects","link":"/detecting-objects/"},"previous":{"title":"Observing Supernovae","link":"/observing-sn/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"SupernovaSelectorWithLightCurve","source":"/data/galaxies/ZTF20acugxbm.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":true,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":["Ia"],"choosePeakMagnitude":true,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":"64","preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":"164","toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":null,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"64","questionType":"accordion","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":"selection","label":"Determine the peak apparent magnitude of your fitted template. SAVE.
","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"This supernova's magnitude is ","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"magnitude","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"ngsssolarsystem05","investigation":"ngss-solar-system","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"eccentricity/","title":"Eccentricity","sectionOrder":null,"order":"05","content":"Eccentricity describes how elliptical (i.e., oval shaped) an orbit is. Eccentricity values range from 0 to almost 1. An eccentricity of 0 describes a perfectly circular orbit. The larger the eccentricity, the more elliptical the orbit.
","next":{"title":"Inclination","link":"/inclination/"},"previous":{"title":"Semi-Major Axis","link":"/semi-major-axis/"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":null},{"id":"coloring05","investigation":"coloring-universe","layout":"SingleCol","slug":"colorizing-the-images/","title":"Colorizing the Images","sectionOrder":null,"order":"050","content":null,"next":{"title":"Eyes vs. Telescopes - Different Ways of Seeing","link":"/eyes-vs-telescopes/"},"previous":{"title":"Constructing an Image with Three Filters","link":"/constructing-with-three-filters/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"AstroTool","source":"/data/filters/color-filter.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"bottom"},"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":true,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":"RGB Filter","questionId":"ColorTool01","potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":null,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"ColorTool01","questionType":"prompt","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Try to recreate this image using the color filter tool:
Observe the light curves for two supernovae.
","next":{"title":"Searching for Supernovae","link":"/searching-for-supernovae-1/"},"previous":{"title":"Classifying Type Ia Supernovae","link":"/classifying-supernovae-ia/"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"52","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":"selection","label":"Which graph shows a supernova that increases to a peak brightness and then dims continuously over a period of months?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select one","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"Graph 1","value":"Graph 1"},{"label":"Graph 2","value":"Graph 2"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"53","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":"selection","label":"Which graph shows a supernova that increases until reaching a peak brightness, then its brightness level drops slightly, and its brightness remains approximately the same for several months?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select one","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"Graph 1","value":"Graph 1"},{"label":"Graph 2","value":"Graph 2"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"54","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":"selection","label":"Which graph shows a Type IIp supernova?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select one","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"Graph 1","value":"Graph 1"},{"label":"Graph 2","value":"Graph 2"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"demo-6","investigation":"demo-mini","layout":"SingleCol","slug":"detecting-objects/","title":"Detecting Solar System Objects","sectionOrder":null,"order":"06","content":null,"next":{"title":"Observing One Object's Orbit","link":"/orbits-1/"},"previous":{"title":"Observing Supernovae & Plotting a Light Curve","link":"/searching-sn/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"TimeDomainDoubleViewer","source":null,"sources":["/data/neos/2003_QZ30.json","/data/neos/tno120132.json"],"widgets":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"middle"},"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":false,"loop":null,"preSelected":true,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":null},{"id":"observable6","investigation":"observable-universe","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"cosmological-principle/","title":"The Cosmological Principle","sectionOrder":null,"order":"06","content":"Astronomers who study the Universe (cosmologists) have made a basic assumption that for any particular time, the Universe appears to look very similar in every direction, and when viewed from any location. These two ideas are part of the cosmological principle.
The cosmological principle doesn’t imply that the Universe is exactly the same in all directions. Imagine that you are in the middle of a desert. As you look around you in every direction, you see sand, rocks, mountains and maybe some plants. Not every mountain peak looks identical, and some places may have some more plants than others, but it is generally the same landscape. Additionally, a person at a different location in the desert who looks around in all directions would see roughly the same thing that you see when looking in all directions.
","next":{"title":"Testing the Cosmological Principle","link":"/testing-the-cosmological-principle/"},"previous":{"title":"Exploring the Relationship between Color & Distance","link":"/color-and-distance/"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":null},{"id":"ngsssolarsystem06","investigation":"ngss-solar-system","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"inclination/","title":"Inclination","sectionOrder":null,"order":"06","content":"Inclination (i) is the angle at which the object’s orbital plane (yellow) is tilted, relative to Earth’s orbital plane (grey) around the Sun. A value of 0° means that the object's orbit is parallel with Earth’s orbit. A value of 90° means that the object's orbit is tilted at a right angle to Earth’s orbit. If an object has an orbit with inclination greater than 90°, it will be orbiting in a direction opposite to Earth’s orbital direction.
","next":{"title":"The Big View of the Solar System","link":"/big-view/"},"previous":{"title":"Eccentricity","link":"/eccentricity/"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":null},{"id":"observable6a","investigation":"observable-universe","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"testing-the-cosmological-principle/","title":"Testing the Cosmological Principle","sectionOrder":null,"order":"06.1","content":null,"next":{"title":"Exploring Rubin Observatory Data: Redness vs. Distance","link":"/exploring-lsst-data-1/"},"previous":{"title":"The Cosmological Principle","link":"/cosmological-principle/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"GalaxiesSelector","source":null,"sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"top"},"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":true,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":"3","domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}},{"type":"ChartSwitcher","source":null,"sources":null,"widgets":[{"type":"GalacticProperties","source":null,"options":{"title":"Brightness vs. Distance","icon":"galaxy","domain":[[0,28],[0,200]],"yAxisLabel":"Observed Brightness (Flux µJy)","xAxisLabel":"Distance (Billion Ly)","xValueAccessor":"distance","yValueAccessor":"brightness","svgShapes":["circle"],"color":"1","tooltipAccessors":["distance","brightness"],"tooltipLabels":["Distance","Brightness"],"bins":null,"qaReview":false}},{"type":"GalacticProperties","source":null,"options":{"title":"Redness vs. Distance","icon":"galaxy","domain":[[0,16],[0,2]],"yAxisLabel":"Flux ratio i/z (redness)","xAxisLabel":"Distance (Billion Ly)","xValueAccessor":"distance","yValueAccessor":"color","svgShapes":["triangle"],"color":"1","tooltipAccessors":["distance","color"],"tooltipLabels":["Distance","Color"],"bins":null,"qaReview":false}}],"layout":{"col":"right","row":"top"},"options":null}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"10","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Do images and plots from your classmates support the cosmological principle? Explain.","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"coloring06","investigation":"coloring-universe","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"eyes-vs-telescopes/","title":"Eyes vs. Telescopes - Different Ways of Seeing","sectionOrder":null,"order":"060","content":"People often wonder if astronomical images show an object “as it really looks,” that is, as it would appear to their eyes. Note that telescopes not only magnify distant objects, they also collect much more light than your eyes. Most astronomical objects would be too faint for you to see, even if you were much closer to them than you are on Earth.
Furthermore, telescope images are often made by using light with wavelengths that your eyes can’t see. For instance, an ultraviolet filter transmits light with wavelengths too short, and energies too high, for our eyes to see. Likewise, infrared filters transmit light with wavelengths too long and energies too low for our eyes to see. Each type of light reveals different information about the objects in space, so observing light over all these wavelengths allows us to learn more. In a sense, telescopes give us superhuman vision. Indeed, that’s the reason we build them!
","next":{"title":"Rubin Observatory LSST Camera Filters","link":"/rubin-lsst-camera-filters/"},"previous":{"title":"Colorizing the Images","link":"/colorizing-the-images/"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":null},{"id":"demo-7","investigation":"demo-mini","layout":"SingleCol","slug":"orbits-1/","title":"Observing One Solar System Object's Orbit","sectionOrder":null,"order":"07","content":"Left-click and drag to rotate; Right-click to pan; Scroll to zoom. Use the controls to play, pause, skip forward and back, and adjust the speed of the simulation.
","next":{"title":"Observing Many Solar System Objects' Orbits","link":"/orbits-2/"},"previous":{"title":"Detecting Solar System Objects","link":"/detecting-objects/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"OrbitalViewer","source":"/data/neos/bennu.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":true,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":1.5,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":true,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":null,"observations":null,"refObjs":["earth"]}}],"questionsByPage":null},{"id":"observable7","investigation":"observable-universe","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"exploring-lsst-data-1/","title":"Exploring Rubin Observatory Data: Redness vs. Distance","sectionOrder":null,"order":"07","content":"Now let’s add in data from every direction that can be observed by the Rubin Observatory to your data set.
","next":{"title":"Investigating the Effect of the Universe's Expansion on Galaxy Distances","link":"/exploring-lsst-data-2/"},"previous":{"title":"Testing the Cosmological Principle","link":"/testing-the-cosmological-principle/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"GalacticProperties","source":"/data/galaxies/hsc/hsc.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":{"col":"right","row":"top"},"options":{"title":"Redness vs. Distance","hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":"440","createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":true,"svgShapes":["triangle","triangle"],"color":"7","domain":[[0,16],[0,2]],"xAxisLabel":"Distance (Billion Ly)","yAxisLabel":"Flux ratio i/z (redness)","xValueAccessor":"distance","yValueAccessor":"color","tooltipAccessors":["distance","color"],"tooltipUnits":["Billion Ly","Flux ratio"],"tooltipLabels":["Distance","Flux"],"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":null,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"12","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Do your data from a single direction and the Rubin Observatory data from all directions show similar distributions of galaxy redness vs. distance? Explain.","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"13","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Does the trend you see in these data agree with what you previously learned about cosmological redshift and distance? Explain.","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"14","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Do your data support the cosmological principle? Explain.","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"ngsssolarsystem07","investigation":"ngss-solar-system","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"big-view/","title":"The Big View of the Solar System","sectionOrder":null,"order":"07","content":"Our observatory will discover millions of new Solar System objects, and will provide an enormous data set that gives us a more comprehensive view of the objects’ distribution. The more we know about the distribution and properties of objects in our Solar System, the more we understand about how it formed.
Most small Solar System objects we have discovered can be classified into four groups:
You will now have a chance to find and classify three newly-discovered supernovae.
","next":{"title":"Classifying Supernova #1","link":"/searching-for-supernovae-1-1/"},"previous":{"title":"Using Light Curves to Classify Supernovae","link":"/classifying-supernovae-light-curves/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"SupernovaSelectorWithLightCurve","source":"/data/galaxies/ZTF19aavjzrz_r_lightcurve.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":true,"showLightCurve":false,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":"90","hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":true,"loop":true,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"90","questionType":"accordion","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":"selection","label":"Use the controls to play, pause, and skip between images. Can you spot the supernova? Click on the supernova when you find it.
","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected Supernova: ","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"supernova","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"07b","investigation":"exploding-stars","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"searching-for-supernovae-1-1/","title":"Classifying Supernova #1","sectionOrder":null,"order":"07.2","content":null,"next":{"title":"Searching For Supernova #2","link":"/searching-for-supernovae-2/"},"previous":{"title":"Searching For Supernovae","link":"/searching-for-supernovae-1/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"SupernovaSelectorWithLightCurve","source":"/data/galaxies/ZTF19aavjzrz_r_lightcurve.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":true,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"91","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":"selection","label":"What type of supernova is this?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select one","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"Type Ia","value":"Type Ia"},{"label":"Type IIp","value":"Type IIp"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"93","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Explain your answer — which aspects of the light curve caused you to choose this type?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"930","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":"selection","label":"Was this formed from a white dwarf or a high mass main sequence star?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select the best description","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"White Dwarf","value":"White Dwarf"},{"label":"High Mass Star","value":"High Mass Star"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"coloring07","investigation":"coloring-universe","layout":"SingleCol","slug":"rubin-lsst-camera-filters/","title":"Rubin Observatory LSST Camera Filters","sectionOrder":null,"order":"070","content":null,"next":{"title":"Uses of Astronomical Filters","link":"/uses-of-astronomical-filters/"},"previous":{"title":"Eyes vs. Telescopes - Different Ways of Seeing","link":"/eyes-vs-telescopes/"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"7a","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["7a","7b"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"The ","labelPost":"filter transmits the longest wavelengths of light","srLabel":"...","answerPre":"...","answerPost":"...","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"(u, g, r, i, z, y)","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"u","value":"u"},{"label":"g","value":"g"},{"label":"r","value":"r"},{"label":"i","value":"i"},{"label":"z","value":"z"},{"label":"y","value":"y"}],"qaReview":null},{"id":"7b","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["7a","7b"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"which are","labelPost":"light.","srLabel":"...","answerPre":"...","answerPost":"...","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"(infrared, visible or ultraviolet)","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"infrared","value":"infrared"},{"label":"visible","value":"visible"},{"label":"ultraviolet","value":"violet"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"8a","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["8a","8b"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"The ","labelPost":"filter transmits the shortest wavelengths of light","srLabel":"...","answerPre":"...","answerPost":"...","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"(u, g, r, i, z, y)","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"u","value":"u"},{"label":"g","value":"g"},{"label":"r","value":"r"},{"label":"i","value":"i"},{"label":"z","value":"z"},{"label":"y","value":"y"}],"qaReview":null},{"id":"8b","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["8a","8b"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"which are","labelPost":"light.","srLabel":"...","answerPre":"...","answerPost":"...","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"(infrared, visible or ultraviolet)","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"infrared","value":"infrared"},{"label":"visible","value":"visible"},{"label":"ultraviolet","value":"violet"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"9.0","questionType":"multiSelect","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"Which of these are broadband filters?","labelPost":"","srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"multi-select","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"u","value":"u"},{"label":"g","value":"g"},{"label":"r","value":"r"},{"label":"i","value":"i"},{"label":"z","value":"z"},{"label":"y","value":"y"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"9.1","questionType":"multiSelect","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"What two filters transmit green light?","labelPost":"","srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"multi-select","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"u","value":"u"},{"label":"g","value":"g"},{"label":"r","value":"r"},{"label":"i","value":"i"},{"label":"z","value":"z"},{"label":"y","value":"y"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"10","questionType":"multiSelect","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"What four colors of light are transmitted by the r filter?","labelPost":"","srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"multi-select","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"violet","value":"violet"},{"label":"blue","value":"blue"},{"label":"green","value":"green"},{"label":"yellow","value":"yellow"},{"label":"orange","value":"orange"},{"label":"red","value":"red"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"11","questionType":"multiSelect","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"If you wanted to detect a hot star that is giving off short wavelength visible light as well as ultraviolet light, which filter would be best to choose?","labelPost":"","srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"multi-select","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"u","value":"u"},{"label":"g","value":"g"},{"label":"r","value":"r"},{"label":"i","value":"i"},{"label":"z","value":"z"},{"label":"y","value":"y"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"11.1","questionType":"multiSelect","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"If you wanted to detect a gas and dust cloud that is giving off long wavelength visible light as well as infrared light, which filter would be best to choose?","labelPost":"","srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"multi-select","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"u","value":"u"},{"label":"g","value":"g"},{"label":"r","value":"r"},{"label":"i","value":"i"},{"label":"z","value":"z"},{"label":"y","value":"y"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"11.2","questionType":"multiSelect","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"If you wanted to detect a galaxy whose light has been stretched to the longest wavelengths that Rubin Observatory can observe, which filter would you use?","labelPost":"","srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"multi-select","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"u","value":"u"},{"label":"g","value":"g"},{"label":"r","value":"r"},{"label":"i","value":"i"},{"label":"z","value":"z"},{"label":"y","value":"y"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"hazardous08","investigation":"hazardous-asteroids","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"determining-orbits/","title":"Detecting an Asteroid","sectionOrder":null,"order":"08","content":"Astronomers are continuously in search of new asteroids that could possibly hit Earth. Asteroids are discovered by detecting an object that has changed position in two or more pictures taken of a particular location in space. After the first night an asteroid is discovered, additional observations need to be done to measure the speed and direction of motion of the asteroid.
Let’s look at a typical asteroid. In this example, asteroid 2003_QZ30 was observed at three different times during the same night. Each time, the position of the asteroid was measured.
","next":{"title":"Calculating the Possible Orbits of an Asteroid","link":"/determining-orbits-1/"},"previous":{"title":"Tracking Potential Impacts Over Time","link":"/close-to-earth-5/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"TimeDomainViewer","source":"/data/neos/2003_QZ30.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":"10","hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":true,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"10","questionType":"accordion","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":"selection","label":"Pause the animation, then click on the location of the asteroid in the image.
","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected Asteroid: ","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"neo","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"observable8","investigation":"observable-universe","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"exploring-lsst-data-2/","title":"Investigating the Effect of the Universe's Expansion on Galaxy Distances","sectionOrder":null,"order":"08","content":"This is a plot of brightness vs. distance of galaxies from every direction that can be observed by the Rubin Observatory. Notice in this plot that in the plot there are galaxies at distances much greater than 13.8 billion light years away. But the Universe is only 13.8 billion years old. Let’s think about how this can happen.
","next":{"title":"Defining the Observable Universe","link":"/defining-observable-universe/"},"previous":{"title":"Exploring Rubin Observatory Data: Redness vs. Distance","link":"/exploring-lsst-data-1/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"GalacticProperties","source":"/data/galaxies/hsc/hsc.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":{"col":"right","row":"top"},"options":{"title":"Brightness vs. Distance","hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":"440","createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":true,"svgShapes":["circle","circle"],"color":"7","domain":[[0,28],[0,200]],"xAxisLabel":"Distance (Billion Ly)","yAxisLabel":"Observed Brightness (Flux µJy)","xValueAccessor":"distance","yValueAccessor":"brightness","tooltipAccessors":["distance","brightness"],"tooltipUnits":["Billion Ly"],"tooltipLabels":["Distance","Brightness"],"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"16","questionType":"text","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"If it took 13 billion years for the light from a distant galaxy to travel to Earth, and the Universe wasn’t expanding, how far away would this galaxy be from Earth?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"17","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"Since the Universe has been expanding during the time the light has been travelling to us, the distance to this galaxy is ","labelPost":" than 13 billion light years away.","srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"more","value":"more"},{"label":"less","value":"less"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"18","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Based on your answer do you think it’s possible to observe galaxies that are now farther from Earth than 13.8 billion light years? Explain your reasoning.","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"ngsssolarsystem08","investigation":"ngss-solar-system","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"characterizing-neo/","title":"Characterizing Near-Earth Objects (NEOs)","sectionOrder":null,"order":"08","content":"To better understand the differences between the four groups, you will analyze orbital data for each group. The first group you will examine are the near-Earth objects (NEOs). NEOs are objects with orbits that intersect or get very close to the orbit of Earth.
Click on each icon found to the left of the histogram to examine the different orbital properties of NEOs. If you place your mouse above each bar on the histogram, the exact number of objects for the bar will appear. Some of the bars are so small that you might not notice them without looking carefully!
Decide which of the statements provided below best describes the orbital properties of NEOs.
NEOs are asteroids or comets whose orbit intersects or gets very close to the orbit of Earth.
","next":{"title":"Characterizing Main Belt Asteroids (MBAs)","link":"/characterizing-mba/"},"previous":{"title":"The Big View of the Solar System","link":"/big-view/"},"tables":[{"id":"1","title":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"bottom"},"fixed":true,"colTitles":["Group","Size of Orbit","Eccentricity","Inclination","Direction of Orbit"],"rowTitles":[["NEOs"],["MBAs"],["TNOs"],["Comets"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"data","id":"6","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"4","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"5","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"7","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"10","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"8","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"9","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"11","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"14","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"12","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"13","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"15","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"18","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"16","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"17","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"19","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":false}],"widgets":[{"type":"ChartSwitcher","source":null,"sources":null,"widgets":[{"type":"OrbitalProperties","source":"/data/neos/neo_semimajor_axis_hist.json","options":{"title":"NEO Orbit Sizes","icon":null,"domain":[[0,10],[]],"yAxisLabel":"Number of NEOs","xAxisLabel":"Orbit Sizes (au)","xValueAccessor":"semimajor_axis","yValueAccessor":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"tooltipAccessors":["countOfTotal","semimajor_axis"],"tooltipLabels":["NEOs","Orbit Size (au)"],"bins":20,"qaReview":null}},{"type":"OrbitalProperties","source":"/data/neos/neo_eccentricity_hist.json","options":{"title":"NEO Eccentricities","icon":null,"domain":[[0,1],[]],"yAxisLabel":"Number of NEOs","xAxisLabel":"Eccentricities","xValueAccessor":"eccentricity","yValueAccessor":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"tooltipAccessors":["countOfTotal","eccentricity"],"tooltipLabels":["NEOs","Eccentricity"],"bins":10,"qaReview":null}},{"type":"OrbitalProperties","source":"/data/neos/neo_inclination_hist.json","options":{"title":"NEO Inclinations","icon":null,"domain":[[0,180],null],"yAxisLabel":"Number of NEOs","xAxisLabel":"Inclinations (degrees)","xValueAccessor":"inclination","yValueAccessor":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"tooltipAccessors":["countOfTotal","inclination"],"tooltipLabels":["NEOs","Inclination (degrees)"],"bins":9,"qaReview":null}}],"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":null,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"4","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Eccentricity: ","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select best description of NEOs","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"Most orbits are similar to the shape of Earth’s orbit (0.0 - 0.3)","value":"Similar to Earth’s"},{"label":"Most orbits are noticeably more elliptical than the shape of Earth’s orbit (greater than 0.3)","value":"More elliptical than Earth’s"},{"label":"There is an equal distribution across all shapes of orbits","value":"Wide range of shapes"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"5","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Inclination: ","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select best description of NEOs","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"Most orbits are similar to the tilt of Earth’s orbital plane (0-20°).","value":"Similar to Earth’s"},{"label":"Most orbits are tilted compared to Earth’s orbital plane (more than 20°).","value":"More tilted than Earth's"},{"label":"There is an equal distribution across all tilts of the orbits.","value":"Wide range in tilts"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"7","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Direction of the orbit (remember, an inclination greater than 90° indicates that the object orbits the Sun opposite the direction of Earth’s orbit): ","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select best description of NEOs","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"Almost all objects orbit the Sun in the same direction as Earth’s orbit.","value":"Same direction as Earth’s"},{"label":"More than 10% of the objects orbit the Sun in the opposite direction of Earth’s orbit, (i >90°).","value":"Opposite direction as Earth’s"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"6","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Size of the orbit: ","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select best description of NEOs","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"All of the orbits are within the inner Solar System (between 0.5 - 4 au).","value":"Within inner Solar System (between 0.5 - 4 au)"},{"label":"All of the orbits are within the inner Solar System (between 1.5 - 5.2 au).","value":"Within inner Solar System (between 1.5 - 5.2 au)"},{"label":"All of the orbits are located in the outer Solar System beyond the orbit of Jupiter (greater than 5.2 au).","value":"In the outer Solar System"},{"label":"The orbit sizes span both the inner and outer Solar System.","value":"Span inner and outer Solar System"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"hazardous08a","investigation":"hazardous-asteroids","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"determining-orbits-1/","title":"Calculating the Possible Orbits of an Asteroid","sectionOrder":null,"order":"08.1","content":"When Rubin Observatory first discovers an asteroid, its orbit around the Sun is not well defined. Astronomers can calculate possible different orbits of the asteroid by running computer simulations to determine a set of orbits that can fit the measured positions.
At the right are the possible set of orbits (shown in pink) of the asteroid based on the first two observations.
","next":{"title":"Determining the Probability of Asteroid Impacts","link":"/determining-orbits-1a/"},"previous":{"title":"Detecting an Asteroid","link":"/determining-orbits/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"OrbitalViewer","source":"/data/neos/K17C01P_orb_1-12.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":0.5,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":true,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":[{"id":"obs-1","label":"#1","interactable":false,"isActive":false,"position":0.55},{"id":"obs-2","label":"#2","interactable":false,"isActive":false,"position":0.6}],"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"11","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Look at the possible orbits for this asteroid from different angles. Do you think it’s possible that this asteroid could hit Earth? Explain your reasoning.","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"08a","investigation":"exploding-stars","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"searching-for-supernovae-2/","title":"Searching For Supernova #2","sectionOrder":null,"order":"08.1","content":null,"next":{"title":"Classifying Supernova #2","link":"/searching-for-supernovae-2-1/"},"previous":{"title":"Classifying Supernova #1","link":"/searching-for-supernovae-1-1/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"SupernovaSelectorWithLightCurve","source":"/data/galaxies/ZTF20acxzkkf.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":true,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":"59","hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":true,"loop":false,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"59","questionType":"accordion","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":"selection","label":"Use the controls to play, pause, and skip between images. Click on the supernova when you find it.
","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected Supernova: ","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"supernova","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"hazardous08b","investigation":"hazardous-asteroids","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"determining-orbits-1a/","title":"Determining the Probability of Asteroid Impacts","sectionOrder":null,"order":"08.2","content":"Once astronomers have determined the possible orbits for a new asteroid, they check to see which of these orbits lead to the asteroid colliding with Earth. Astronomers are concerned if any of these possible orbits predict an asteroid impact!
The probability of impact is calculated by dividing the number of possible orbits that result in the asteroid hitting Earth by the total number of possible orbits. After the first two observations of this asteroid were made, astronomers computed 3000 possible orbits of the asteroid (shown at the right). Of these, 10 orbits cross Earth’s orbit and therefore have the potential for causing an impact with Earth.
","next":{"title":"Refining the Possible Orbits of an Asteroid","link":"/determining-orbits-2/"},"previous":{"title":"Calculating the Possible Orbits of an Asteroid","link":"/determining-orbits-1/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"OrbitalViewer","source":"/data/neos/K17C01P_orb_1-12.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":0.5,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":true,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":[{"id":"obs-1","label":"#1","interactable":false,"isActive":false,"position":0.55},{"id":"obs-2","label":"#2","interactable":false,"isActive":false,"position":0.6}],"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"12","questionType":"text","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"What is the probability of impact for this asteroid after astronomers have made these first two observations?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"coloring08","investigation":"coloring-universe","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"uses-of-astronomical-filters/","title":"Uses of Astronomical Filters","sectionOrder":null,"order":"080","content":null,"next":{"title":"Seeing Through Dusty Nebulae","link":"/uses-of-astronomical-filters-1/"},"previous":{"title":"Rubin Observatory LSST Camera Filters","link":"/rubin-lsst-camera-filters/"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":null},{"id":"coloring08_1","investigation":"coloring-universe","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"uses-of-astronomical-filters-1/","title":"Seeing Through Dusty Nebulae","sectionOrder":null,"order":"081","content":null,"next":{"title":"Detecting Far Away Galaxies","link":"/detecting-far-away-galaxies/"},"previous":{"title":"Uses of Astronomical Filters","link":"/uses-of-astronomical-filters/"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"12","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Compare the three black and white images of the Trifid Nebula, taken through g, r, and z filters. What differences in the brightness of gas and amount of stars do you notice between the three images?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"14","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"If only infrared filters are used (like the i, z, and y filters), would you be able to determine which stars are the ones hidden by the cloud of gas and dust? Explain your reasoning.","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"observable9","investigation":"observable-universe","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"defining-observable-universe/","title":"Defining the Observable Universe","sectionOrder":null,"order":"09","content":"Light has a finite speed, so the farthest distance we can see is limited by the age of the Universe, which is 13.8 billion years. Light could not have traveled for longer than 13.8 billion years.
Since light travels in all directions through space, we can think of our viewpoint from Earth as the center of a sphere that defines the farthest distance light could have traveled to us since the Universe began. We call this sphere around us the observable Universe.
The observable Universe is defined only by the travel time of light. Today’s telescopes are capable of detecting the first light present at the earliest times in the Universe, before galaxies had formed. So no matter what improvements in technology we make, we will not be able to observe light from the early Universe farther back in time than we currently see.
The sphere is just a geometrical model that defines a distance that’s the same in all directions from Earth. This does not imply that Earth is at the center of the entire Universe, but it is at the center of our observable Universe. This is not to say that the entire Universe is spherical, or that it is finite in size.
Imagine that you can only see about one mile in every direction from where you live. This one mile distance is like the distance to the edge of your observable Universe. If you illustrated that on a map, you could draw a circle with a radius of one mile around your location. Every person in your class could do the same, but their circles would be in different places on the map and would include different objects in the region. We can apply this same analogy to understand why every observer in the Universe has a unique region around them that includes the objects and events they can see.
","next":{"title":"Estimating the Size of the Observable Universe","link":"/size-observable-universe/"},"previous":{"title":"Investigating the Effect of the Universe's Expansion on Galaxy Distances","link":"/exploring-lsst-data-2/"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":null},{"id":"demo-9","investigation":"demo-mini","layout":"SingleCol","slug":"orbits-2/","title":"Observing Many Solar System Objects' Orbits","sectionOrder":null,"order":"09","content":"Left-click and drag to rotate; Right-click to pan; Scroll to zoom. Use the controls to play, pause, skip forward and back, and adjust the speed of the simulation.
","next":{"title":"Distributions of Solar System Objects","link":"/orbits-3/"},"previous":{"title":"Observing One Object's Orbit","link":"/orbits-1/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"OrbitalViewer","source":"/data/neos/NEO_orbit_50sample_wname2021.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":0.8,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":true,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":null},{"id":"hazardous09","investigation":"hazardous-asteroids","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"determining-orbits-2/","title":"Refining the Possible Orbits of an Asteroid","sectionOrder":null,"order":"09","content":"To better define the actual orbit of the asteroid, astronomers need to do more observations and measure its position as it moves through its orbit. The addition of new data will rule out some of the possible orbits. Since Rubin Observatory will collect data from the entire sky every three to four nights, it will make it easier than ever for astronomers to detect new asteroids, make additional observations, and refine their orbits.
Here are the possible orbits of the asteroid after a third observation is made.
","next":{"title":"Changes in Impact Probability","link":"/determining-orbits-3/"},"previous":{"title":"Determining the Probability of Asteroid Impacts","link":"/determining-orbits-1a/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"OrbitalViewer","source":"/data/neos/K17C01P_orb_1-15.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":0.5,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":true,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":[{"id":"obs-1","label":"#1","interactable":false,"isActive":false,"position":0.55},{"id":"obs-2","label":"#2","interactable":false,"isActive":false,"position":0.6},{"id":"obs-3","label":"#3","interactable":false,"isActive":false,"position":0.65}],"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"13","questionType":"text","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"How did the third observation change the spread of possible orbits for this asteroid?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"14","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"The spread of possible orbits is smallest:","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"At the part of the orbit opposite the three observations","value":"At the part of the orbit opposite the three observations"},{"label":"Everywhere along the orbit","value":"Everywhere along the orbit"},{"label":"At the part of the orbit nearest the three observations","value":"At the part of the orbit nearest the three observations"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"ngsssolarsystem09","investigation":"ngss-solar-system","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"characterizing-mba/","title":"Characterizing Main Belt Asteroids (MBAs)","sectionOrder":null,"order":"09","content":"MBAs are objects that orbit the Sun between the orbits of Mars (1.5 au) and Jupiter (5.2 au).
Decide which of the statements provided below best describes the orbital properties of MBAs.
","next":{"title":"Characterizing Trans-Neptunian Objects (TNOs)","link":"/characterizing-tno/"},"previous":{"title":"Characterizing Near-Earth Objects (NEOs)","link":"/characterizing-neo/"},"tables":[{"id":"1","title":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"bottom"},"fixed":true,"colTitles":["Group","Size of Orbit","Eccentricity","Inclination","Direction of Orbit"],"rowTitles":[["NEOs"],["MBAs"],["TNOs"],["Comets"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"data","id":"6","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"4","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"5","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"7","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"10","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"8","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"9","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"11","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"14","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"12","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"13","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"15","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"18","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"16","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"17","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"19","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":false}],"widgets":[{"type":"ChartSwitcher","source":null,"sources":null,"widgets":[{"type":"OrbitalProperties","source":"/data/neos/mba_semimajor_axis_hist.json","options":{"title":"MBA Orbit Sizes","icon":null,"domain":[[0,10],[]],"yAxisLabel":"Number of MBAs","xAxisLabel":"Orbit Sizes (au)","xValueAccessor":"semimajor_axis","yValueAccessor":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"tooltipAccessors":["countOfTotal","semimajor_axis"],"tooltipLabels":["MBAs","Orbit Size (au)"],"bins":20,"qaReview":null}},{"type":"OrbitalProperties","source":"/data/neos/mba_eccentricity_hist.json","options":{"title":"MBA Eccentricities","icon":null,"domain":[[0,1],[]],"yAxisLabel":"Number of MBAs","xAxisLabel":"Eccentricities","xValueAccessor":"eccentricity","yValueAccessor":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"tooltipAccessors":["countOfTotal","eccentricity"],"tooltipLabels":["MBAs","Eccentricity"],"bins":10,"qaReview":null}},{"type":"OrbitalProperties","source":"/data/neos/mba_inclination_hist.json","options":{"title":"MBA Inclinations","icon":null,"domain":[[0,180],[]],"yAxisLabel":"Number of MBAs","xAxisLabel":"Inclinations (degrees)","xValueAccessor":"inclination","yValueAccessor":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"tooltipAccessors":["countOfTotal","inclination"],"tooltipLabels":["MBAs","Inclination (degrees)"],"bins":9,"qaReview":null}}],"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":null,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"8","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Eccentricity: ","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select best description of MBAs","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"Most orbits are similar to the shape of Earth’s orbit (0.0 - 0.3)","value":"Similar to Earth’s"},{"label":"Most orbits are noticeably more elliptical than the shape of Earth’s orbit (greater than 0.3)","value":"More elliptical than Earth’s"},{"label":"There is a wide range in the shapes of the orbits","value":"Wide range of shapes"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"9","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Inclination: ","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select best description of MBAs","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"Most orbits are similar to Earth’s orbital plane (0-20 degrees)","value":"Similar to Earth’s"},{"label":"Most orbits are considerably tilted compared to Earth’s orbital plane (more than 20 degrees)","value":"More tilted than Earth's"},{"label":"There is a wide range in the tilt of the orbits","value":"Wide range in tilts"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"11","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Direction of the orbit (remember, an inclination greater than 90° indicates that the object orbits the Sun opposite the direction of Earth’s orbit): ","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select best description of MBAs","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"Most objects orbit the Sun in the same direction of Earth’s orbit.","value":"Same direction as Earth’s"},{"label":"A significant number of objects (more than 10%) orbit the Sun in the opposite direction of Earth’s orbit, i >90 ","value":"Opposite direction as Earth’s"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"10","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Size of the orbit: ","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select best description of MBAs","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"All of the orbits are within the inner Solar System (between 0.5 - 4 au).","value":"Within inner Solar System (between 0.5 - 4 au)"},{"label":"All of the orbits are within the inner Solar System (between 1.5 - 5.2 au).","value":"Within inner Solar System (between 1.5 - 5.2 au)"},{"label":"All of the orbits are located in the outer Solar System beyond the orbit of Jupiter (greater than 5.2 au).","value":"In the outer Solar System"},{"label":"The orbit sizes span both the inner and outer Solar System.","value":"Span inner and outer Solar System"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"09b","investigation":"exploding-stars","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"searching-for-supernovae-2-1/","title":"Classifying Supernova #2","sectionOrder":null,"order":"09.2","content":null,"next":{"title":"Searching For Supernova #3","link":"/searching-for-supernovae-3/"},"previous":{"title":"Searching For Supernova #2","link":"/searching-for-supernovae-2/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"SupernovaSelectorWithLightCurve","source":"/data/galaxies/ZTF20acxzkkf.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":true,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"94","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":"selection","label":"What type of supernova is this?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select one","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"Type Ia","value":"Type Ia"},{"label":"Type IIp","value":"Type IIp"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"95","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Explain your answer — which aspects of the light curve caused you to choose this type?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"950","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":"selection","label":"Was this formed from a white dwarf or a high mass main sequence star?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select the best description","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"White Dwarf","value":"White Dwarf"},{"label":"High Mass Star","value":"High Mass Star"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"coloring09","investigation":"coloring-universe","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"detecting-far-away-galaxies/","title":"Detecting Far Away Galaxies","sectionOrder":null,"order":"090","content":null,"next":{"title":"Visible light filters: Exploring Spiral Galaxies","link":"/visible-light-filters/"},"previous":{"title":"Seeing Through Dusty Nebulae","link":"/uses-of-astronomical-filters-1/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"GalaxiesFilterSelector","source":"/data/galaxies/galaxy_selector_coloring.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":{"col":"right","row":"top"},"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":"15","hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":false,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"15","questionType":"accordion","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Look for the distant galaxy in the three black and white images. Then click on this galaxy in the color image.","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Found: ","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"coloringGalaxy","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"demo-9a","investigation":"demo-mini","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"orbits-3/","title":"Distributions of Solar System Objects","sectionOrder":null,"order":"09a","content":"Now you will explore a histogram of the number of all small Solar System objects on the y-axis vs. size of orbit on the x-axis.
Note: the scale of the y-axis changes for each of the histograms.
Click on each icon found to the left of the histogram to change the group.
","next":{"title":"Exploring the Deep","link":"/exploring-the-deep/"},"previous":{"title":"Observing Many Solar System Objects' Orbits","link":"/orbits-2/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"ChartSwitcher","source":null,"sources":null,"widgets":[{"type":"OrbitalProperties","source":"/data/neos/neo_semimajor_axis_hist.json","options":{"title":"NEO Orbit Sizes","icon":null,"domain":[[0,100],null],"yAxisLabel":"Number of NEOs","xAxisLabel":"NEO Orbit Sizes (au)","xValueAccessor":"semimajor_axis","yValueAccessor":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"tooltipAccessors":["countOfTotal","semimajor_axis"],"tooltipLabels":["NEOs","Orbit Size (au)"],"bins":20,"qaReview":null}},{"type":"OrbitalProperties","source":"/data/neos/mba_semimajor_axis_hist.json","options":{"title":"MBA Orbit Sizes","icon":null,"domain":[[0,100],null],"yAxisLabel":"Number of MBAs","xAxisLabel":"MBA Orbit Sizes (au)","xValueAccessor":"semimajor_axis","yValueAccessor":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"tooltipAccessors":["countOfTotal","semimajor_axis"],"tooltipLabels":["MBAs","Orbit Size (au)"],"bins":20,"qaReview":null}},{"type":"OrbitalProperties","source":"/data/neos/tno_semimajor_axis_hist.json","options":{"title":"TNO Orbit Sizes","icon":null,"domain":[[0,100],null],"yAxisLabel":"Number of TNOs","xAxisLabel":"TNO Orbit Sizes (au)","xValueAccessor":"semimajor_axis","yValueAccessor":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"tooltipAccessors":["countOfTotal","semimajor_axis"],"tooltipLabels":["TNOs","Orbit Size (au)"],"bins":20,"qaReview":null}},{"type":"OrbitalProperties","source":"/data/neos/comets_semimajor_axis_hist.json","options":{"title":"Comet Orbit Sizes","icon":null,"domain":[[0,100],null],"yAxisLabel":"Number of Comets","xAxisLabel":"Comet Orbit Sizes (au)","xValueAccessor":"semimajor_axis","yValueAccessor":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"tooltipAccessors":["countOfTotal","semimajor_axis"],"tooltipLabels":["Comets","Orbit Size (au)"],"bins":20,"qaReview":null}}],"layout":null,"options":null}],"questionsByPage":null},{"id":"demo-10","investigation":"demo-mini","layout":"SingleCol","slug":"exploring-the-deep/","title":"Exploring the Deep","sectionOrder":null,"order":"10","content":"Here’s a deep field image from the Rubin Observatory LSST Camera. Nearly all of the objects in this image are galaxies, but many appear so small they could easily be mistaken for stars. This image shows thousands of galaxies of different sizes, brightness, and colors.
What relationships may exist between the brightness and color of a galaxy and its distance? Let’s find out.
Begin by clicking on twenty of the large galaxies in the image. As you do, a circle will appear around the galaxies you select and you will add data points to the plot at the right. Note: not all the galaxies in this image have data. Keep clicking until you can record at least twenty data points for large galaxies.
","next":{"title":"Exploring Rubin Observatory Data: Brightness vs. Distances","link":"/exploring-the-deep-1/"},"previous":{"title":"Distributions of Solar System Objects","link":"/orbits-3/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"GalaxiesSelector","source":null,"sources":["/data/galaxies/hsc/hsc_sub01.json","/data/galaxies/hsc/hsc_sub02.json","/data/galaxies/hsc/hsc_sub03.json","/data/galaxies/hsc/hsc_sub04.json","/data/galaxies/hsc/hsc_sub05.json","/data/galaxies/hsc/hsc_sub06.json","/data/galaxies/hsc/hsc_sub07.json","/data/galaxies/hsc/hsc_sub08.json","/data/galaxies/hsc/hsc_sub09.json","/data/galaxies/hsc/hsc_sub10.json","/data/galaxies/hsc/hsc_sub11.json","/data/galaxies/hsc/hsc_sub12.json","/data/galaxies/hsc/hsc_sub13.json","/data/galaxies/hsc/hsc_sub14.json","/data/galaxies/hsc/hsc_sub15.json","/data/galaxies/hsc/hsc_sub16.json"],"widgets":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"bottom"},"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":"440","hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":true,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":"4","domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":"distance","yValueAccessor":"brightness","tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":null,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"440","questionType":"accordion","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":"selection","label":"Now click on twenty of the small galaxies. Keep clicking until you have added at least twenty more data points for the small galaxies.
","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected Galaxies: ","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"galaxies","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"hazardous10","investigation":"hazardous-asteroids","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"determining-orbits-3/","title":"Changes in Impact Probability","sectionOrder":null,"order":"10","content":"By making additional observations of the asteroid’s location, astronomers have ruled out 1000 of the possible 3000 orbits initially calculated. Of the remaining 2000 possible orbits, 10 orbits show the asteroid hitting Earth.
","next":{"title":"Predicting Where to Observe Next","link":"/determining-orbits-4/"},"previous":{"title":"Refining the Possible Orbits of an Asteroid","link":"/determining-orbits-2/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"OrbitalViewer","source":"/data/neos/K17C01P_orb_1-15.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":0.5,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":true,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":[{"id":"obs-1","label":"#1","interactable":false,"isActive":false,"position":0.55},{"id":"obs-2","label":"#2","interactable":false,"isActive":false,"position":0.6},{"id":"obs-3","label":"#3","interactable":false,"isActive":false,"position":0.65}],"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"1588","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"What is the new probability for this asteroid hitting Earth?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"15","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"The probability of impact for this asteroid has ","labelPost":".","srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"increased","value":"increased"},{"label":"decreased","value":"decreased"},{"label":"stayed the same","value":"stayed the same"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"ngsssolarsystem10","investigation":"ngss-solar-system","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"characterizing-tno/","title":"Characterizing Trans-Neptunian Objects (TNOs)","sectionOrder":null,"order":"10","content":"TNOs are objects that orbit the Sun at or beyond the orbit of Neptune, at a distance of about 30 au and beyond. This area includes the Kuiper Belt and the entire region out to the inner Oort Cloud, which begins at approximately 2000 au from the Sun.
Decide which of the statements provided below best describes the orbital properties of TNOs.
","next":{"title":"Characterizing Comets","link":"/characterizing-comet/"},"previous":{"title":"Characterizing Main Belt Asteroids (MBAs)","link":"/characterizing-mba/"},"tables":[{"id":"1","title":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"bottom"},"fixed":true,"colTitles":["Group","Size of Orbit","Eccentricity","Inclination","Direction of Orbit"],"rowTitles":[["NEOs"],["MBAs"],["TNOs"],["Comets"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"data","id":"6","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"4","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"5","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"7","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"10","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"8","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"9","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"11","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"14","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"12","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"13","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"15","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"18","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"16","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"17","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"19","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":false}],"widgets":[{"type":"ChartSwitcher","source":null,"sources":null,"widgets":[{"type":"OrbitalProperties","source":"/data/neos/tno_semimajor_axis_hist.json","options":{"title":"TNO Orbit Sizes","icon":"barChart","domain":[[0,65],[]],"yAxisLabel":"Number of TNOs","xAxisLabel":"Orbit Sizes (au)","xValueAccessor":"semimajor_axis","yValueAccessor":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"tooltipAccessors":["countOfTotal","semimajor_axis"],"tooltipLabels":["TNOs","Orbit Size (au)"],"bins":null,"qaReview":null}},{"type":"OrbitalProperties","source":"/data/neos/tno_eccentricity_hist.json","options":{"title":"TNO Eccentricities","icon":null,"domain":[[0,1],[]],"yAxisLabel":"Number of TNOs","xAxisLabel":"Eccentricities","xValueAccessor":"eccentricity","yValueAccessor":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"tooltipAccessors":["countOfTotal","eccentricity"],"tooltipLabels":["TNOs","Eccentricity"],"bins":10,"qaReview":null}},{"type":"OrbitalProperties","source":"/data/neos/tno_inclination_hist.json","options":{"title":"TNO Inclinations","icon":null,"domain":[[0,180],[]],"yAxisLabel":"Number of TNOs","xAxisLabel":"Inclinations (degrees)","xValueAccessor":"inclination","yValueAccessor":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"tooltipAccessors":["countOfTotal","inclination"],"tooltipLabels":["TNOs","Inclination (degrees)"],"bins":9,"qaReview":null}}],"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":null,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"12","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Eccentricity: ","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select best description of TNOs","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"Most orbits are similar to the shape of Earth’s orbit (0.0 - 0.3)","value":"Similar to Earth’s"},{"label":"Most orbits are noticeably more elliptical than the shape of Earth’s orbit (greater than 0.3)","value":"More elliptical than Earth’s"},{"label":"There is a wide range in the shapes of the orbits","value":"Wide range of shapes"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"13","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Inclination: ","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select best description of TNOs","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"Most orbits are similar to Earth’s orbital plane (0-20 degrees)","value":"Similar to Earth’s"},{"label":"Most orbits are considerably tilted compared to Earth’s orbital plane (more than 20 degrees)","value":"More tilted than Earth's"},{"label":"There is a wide range in the tilt of the orbits","value":"Wide range in tilts"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"15","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Direction of the orbit (remember, an inclination greater than 90° indicates that the object orbits the Sun opposite the direction of Earth’s orbit): ","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select best description of TNOs","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"Most objects orbit the Sun in the same direction of Earth’s orbit.","value":"Same direction as Earth’s"},{"label":"A significant number of objects (more than 10%) orbit the Sun in the opposite direction of Earth’s orbit, i >90 ","value":"Opposite direction as Earth’s"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"14","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Size of the orbit: ","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select best description of TNOs","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"All of the orbits are within the inner Solar System (between 0.5 - 4 au).","value":"Within inner Solar System (between 0.5 - 4 au)"},{"label":"All of the orbits are within the inner Solar System (between 1.5 - 5.2 au).","value":"Within inner Solar System (between 1.5 - 5.2 au)"},{"label":"All of the orbits are located in the outer Solar System beyond the orbit of Jupiter (greater than 5.2 au).","value":"In the outer Solar System"},{"label":"The orbit sizes span both the inner and outer Solar System.","value":"Span inner and outer Solar System"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"observable10","investigation":"observable-universe","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"size-observable-universe/","title":"Estimating the Size of the Observable Universe","sectionOrder":null,"order":"10","content":null,"next":{"title":"The Cosmic Microwave Background and the Growth of Galaxies","link":"/cosmic-microwave-background/"},"previous":{"title":"Defining the Observable Universe","link":"/defining-observable-universe/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"GalacticProperties","source":"/data/galaxies/hsc/hsc.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":{"col":"right","row":"top"},"options":{"title":"Brightness vs. Distance","hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":[[0,28],[0,200]],"xAxisLabel":"Distance (Billion Ly)","yAxisLabel":"Observed Brightness (Flux µJy)","xValueAccessor":"distance","yValueAccessor":"brightness","tooltipAccessors":["distance","brightness"],"tooltipUnits":["Billion Ly"],"tooltipLabels":["Distance","Brightness"],"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"19","questionType":"text","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"What size (diameter) do you get for your observable Universe? Include a unit on your number.","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"observable10a","investigation":"observable-universe","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"cosmic-microwave-background/","title":"The Cosmic Microwave Background and the Growth of Galaxies","sectionOrder":null,"order":"10.1","content":null,"next":{"title":"Observing How the Universe Changed over Time","link":"/change-over-time-1/"},"previous":{"title":"Estimating the Size of the Observable Universe","link":"/size-observable-universe/"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"20","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"What color from this image of the CMB would you use to predict where in the Universe you might expect to find early galaxies forming?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"10a","investigation":"exploding-stars","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"searching-for-supernovae-3/","title":"Searching For Supernova #3","sectionOrder":null,"order":"10.1","content":null,"next":{"title":"Classifying Supernova #3","link":"/searching-for-supernovae-3-1/"},"previous":{"title":"Classifying Supernova #2","link":"/searching-for-supernovae-2-1/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"SupernovaSelectorWithLightCurve","source":"/data/galaxies/ZTF20acxtewc.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":true,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":"60","hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":true,"loop":false,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"60","questionType":"accordion","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":"selection","label":"Use the controls to play, pause, and skip between images. Click on the supernova when you find it.
","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected Supernova: ","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"supernova","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"10b","investigation":"exploding-stars","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"searching-for-supernovae-3-1/","title":"Classifying Supernova #3","sectionOrder":null,"order":"10.2","content":null,"next":{"title":"Type Ia Supernovae as Standard Candles","link":"/searching-for-supernovae-4/"},"previous":{"title":"Searching For Supernova #3","link":"/searching-for-supernovae-3/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"SupernovaSelectorWithLightCurve","source":"/data/galaxies/ZTF20acxtewc.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":true,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"96","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":"selection","label":"What type of supernova is this?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select one","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"Type Ia","value":"Type Ia"},{"label":"Type IIp","value":"Type IIp"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"97","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Explain your answer—which aspects of the light curve caused you to choose this type?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"970","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":"selection","label":"Was this formed from a white dwarf or a high mass main sequence star?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select the best description","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"White Dwarf","value":"White Dwarf"},{"label":"High Mass Star","value":"High Mass Star"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"coloring10","investigation":"coloring-universe","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"visible-light-filters/","title":"Exploring Spiral Galaxies","sectionOrder":null,"order":"100","content":null,"next":{"title":"Color in Astronomical Images","link":"/color-in-astronomical-images/"},"previous":{"title":"Detecting Far Away Galaxies","link":"/detecting-far-away-galaxies/"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"16","questionType":"multiSelect","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"What two filters would you use to detect the red light being emitted from star-forming regions?","labelPost":"","srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"multi-select","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"u","value":"u"},{"label":"g","value":"g"},{"label":"r","value":"r"},{"label":"i","value":"i"},{"label":"z","value":"z"},{"label":"y","value":"y"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"17","questionType":"multiSelect","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"What two filters would you use to detect areas containing hot, young stars?","labelPost":"","srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"multi-select","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"u","value":"u"},{"label":"g","value":"g"},{"label":"r","value":"r"},{"label":"i","value":"i"},{"label":"z","value":"z"},{"label":"y","value":"y"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"observable11","investigation":"observable-universe","layout":"SingleCol","slug":"change-over-time-1/","title":"Observing How the Universe Changed over Time","sectionOrder":null,"order":"11","content":"The distribution and concentration of matter in the Universe for sizes larger than a galaxy is called the large-scale structure of the Universe. Astronomers can use the location and distance to billions of galaxies observed by Rubin Observatory to create a map that reveals this large-scale structure.
Here is a series of maps that show the galaxies detected by Rubin Observatory at certain distances away from Earth (expressed as redshift numbers). Lower redshift numbers correspond with distances that are closer to Earth, and higher redshift numbers correspond with distances that are farther. Each map can be thought of as a slice in time from the history of the Universe—at greater distances we see the Universe as it was at earlier times. The axes of the maps (RA and Dec) show the position of these galaxies as viewed from Earth.
Select the redshift that corresponds with the earliest time, and then move through the maps to see how the Universe has changed over time.
","next":{"title":"Observing the Growth of Voids","link":"/change-over-time-4/"},"previous":{"title":"The Cosmic Microwave Background and the Growth of Galaxies","link":"/cosmic-microwave-background/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"LargeScaleStructure","source":"/data/galaxies/large-scale-slides.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"21","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Look at the map of the farthest distance. Does this map represent a time long ago (early in the Universe) or a recent time (later in the history of the Universe)?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"long ago","value":"long ago"},{"label":"recent","value":"recent"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"22","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Look at the map of the closest distance. Does this map represent a time long ago (early in the Universe) or a recent time (later in the history of the Universe)?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"long Ago","value":"long Ago"},{"label":"recent","value":"recent"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"23","questionType":"text","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Describe how the distribution of galaxies in the Universe has changed over time. When were large numbers of galaxies clumped together (more concentrated) in larger groupings in some places? When were galaxies distributed more evenly in smaller groupings?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"demo-11","investigation":"demo-mini","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"exploring-the-deep-1/","title":"Exploring Rubin Observatory Data: Brightness vs. Distance","sectionOrder":null,"order":"11","content":"This is a plot of brightness vs. distance of galaxies from every direction that can be observed by the Rubin Observatory. Notice in this plot that in the plot there are galaxies at distances much greater than 13.8 billion light years away. But the Universe is only 13.8 billion years old. Let’s think about how this can happen.
","next":{"title":"Exploring Rubin Observatory Data: Redness vs. Distance","link":"/exploring-the-deep-2/"},"previous":{"title":"Exploring the Deep","link":"/exploring-the-deep/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"GalacticProperties","source":"/data/galaxies/hsc/hsc.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":{"col":"right","row":"top"},"options":{"title":"Brightness Vs Distance","hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":"440","createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":true,"svgShapes":["circle","circle"],"color":"4","domain":[[0,28],[0,200]],"xAxisLabel":"Distance (Billion Ly)","yAxisLabel":"Observed Brightness (Flux µJy)","xValueAccessor":"distance","yValueAccessor":"brightness","tooltipAccessors":["distance","brightness"],"tooltipUnits":["Billion Ly"],"tooltipLabels":["Distance","Brightness"],"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":null,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":null},{"id":"hazardous11","investigation":"hazardous-asteroids","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"determining-orbits-4/","title":"Predicting Where to Observe Next","sectionOrder":null,"order":"11","content":"To make another observation, astronomers need to predict where the asteroid will be located at a time in the future. They will then point their telescope at this location and take a series of images. If the asteroid is there, it will be noticeable because the asteroid’s location will change from one image to the next. Astronomers will then measure the location of the asteroid in each image, and will record the time when each image was taken.
Suppose you are an asteroid specialist at another observatory doing follow-up observations of a new asteroid that Rubin Observatory has discovered. You are in charge of deciding where the next observation should be made.
The Orbit Viewer now shows the actual location of the asteroid for the three previous observations, the possible orbits of the asteroid, and four possible observing locations (A, B, C and D) for the asteroid.
","next":{"title":"Additional Observations and Orbit Refinement","link":"/determining-orbits-5/"},"previous":{"title":"Changes in Impact Probability","link":"/determining-orbits-3/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"OrbitalViewer","source":"/data/neos/K17C01P_orb_1-15.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":0.5,"objectName":null,"questionId":"17","potentialOrbits":true,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":[{"id":"obs-7","label":"#1","interactable":false,"isActive":false,"position":0.55},{"id":"obs-6","label":"#2","interactable":false,"isActive":false,"position":0.6},{"id":"obs-5","label":"#3","interactable":false,"isActive":false,"position":0.65},{"id":"obs-1","label":"A","interactable":true,"isActive":true,"position":0.7},{"id":"obs-3","label":"B","interactable":true,"isActive":false,"position":0.84},{"id":"obs-2","label":"C","interactable":true,"isActive":false,"position":0},{"id":"obs-4","label":"D","interactable":true,"isActive":false,"position":0.2}],"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"16","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Telescope time is limited and costs money, so your team has only one night of telescope time to observe the asteroid. At what location (A, B, C, or D) would you point your telescope to make an additional observation of the asteroid in order to better define its orbit? Explain your reasoning.","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"17","questionType":"accordion","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":"selection","label":"Click on the location of the asteroid you selected.
","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected Observation: ","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"observation","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"18","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"The location that turned green is the best choice for your next observation. Was this the location you chose? If you chose a different location, explain what you think was wrong with the reasoning for your choice.","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"ngsssolarsystem11","investigation":"ngss-solar-system","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"characterizing-comet/","title":"Characterizing Comets","sectionOrder":null,"order":"11","content":"Comets are icy objects found throughout the Solar System.
Decide which of the statements provided below best describes the orbital properties of comets.
","next":{"title":"Comparing Orbital Properties","link":"/characterizing-orbits-4/"},"previous":{"title":"Characterizing Trans-Neptunian Objects (TNOs)","link":"/characterizing-tno/"},"tables":[{"id":"1","title":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"bottom"},"fixed":true,"colTitles":["Group","Size of Orbit","Eccentricity","Inclination","Direction of Orbit"],"rowTitles":[["NEOs"],["MBAs"],["TNOs"],["Comets"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"data","id":"6","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"4","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"5","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"7","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"10","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"8","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"9","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"11","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"14","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"12","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"13","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"15","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"18","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"16","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"17","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"19","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":false}],"widgets":[{"type":"ChartSwitcher","source":null,"sources":null,"widgets":[{"type":"OrbitalProperties","source":"/data/neos/comets_semimajor_axis_hist.json","options":{"title":"Comet Orbit Sizes","icon":null,"domain":[[0,100],[]],"yAxisLabel":"Number of comets","xAxisLabel":"Orbit Sizes (au)","xValueAccessor":"semimajor_axis","yValueAccessor":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"tooltipAccessors":["countOfTotal","semimajor_axis"],"tooltipLabels":["Comets","Orbit Size (au)"],"bins":20,"qaReview":null}},{"type":"OrbitalProperties","source":"/data/neos/comets_eccentricity_hist.json","options":{"title":"Comet Eccentricities","icon":null,"domain":[[0,1],[]],"yAxisLabel":"Number of comets","xAxisLabel":"Eccentricities","xValueAccessor":"eccentricity","yValueAccessor":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"tooltipAccessors":["countOfTotal","eccentricity"],"tooltipLabels":["Comets","Eccentricity"],"bins":10,"qaReview":null}},{"type":"OrbitalProperties","source":"/data/neos/comets_inclination_hist.json","options":{"title":"Comet Inclinations","icon":null,"domain":[[0,180],[]],"yAxisLabel":"Number of comets","xAxisLabel":"Inclinations (degrees)","xValueAccessor":"inclination","yValueAccessor":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"tooltipAccessors":["countOfTotal","inclination"],"tooltipLabels":["Comets","Inclination (degrees)"],"bins":9,"qaReview":null}}],"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":null,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"16","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Eccentricity: ","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select best description of comets","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"Most orbits are similar to the shape of Earth’s orbit (0.0 - 0.3)","value":"Similar to Earth’s"},{"label":"Most orbits are noticeably more elliptical than the shape of Earth’s orbit (greater than 0.3)","value":"More elliptical than Earth’s"},{"label":"There is a wide range in the shapes of the orbits","value":"Wide range of shapes"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"17","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Inclination: ","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select best description of comets","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"Most orbits are similar to Earth’s orbital plane (0-20 degrees)","value":"Similar to Earth’s"},{"label":"Most orbits are considerably tilted compared to Earth’s orbital plane (more than 20 degrees)","value":"More tilted than Earth's"},{"label":"There is a wide range in the tilt of the orbits","value":"Wide range in tilts"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"19","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Direction of the orbit (remember, an inclination greater than 90° indicates that the object orbits the Sun opposite the direction of Earth’s orbit): ","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select best description of comets","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"Most objects orbit the Sun in the same direction of Earth’s orbit.","value":"Same direction as Earth’s"},{"label":"A significant number of objects (more than 10%) orbit the Sun in the opposite direction of Earth’s orbit, i >90 ","value":"More than 10% are opposite direction as Earth’s"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"18","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Size of the orbit: ","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select best description of comets","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"All of the orbits are within the inner Solar System (between 0.5 - 4 au).","value":"Within inner Solar System (between 0.5 - 4 au)"},{"label":"All of the orbits are within the inner Solar System (between 1.5 - 5.2 au).","value":"Within inner Solar System (between 1.5 - 5.2 au)"},{"label":"All of the orbits are located in the outer Solar System beyond the orbit of Jupiter (greater than 5.2 au).","value":"In the outer Solar System"},{"label":"The orbit sizes span both the inner and outer Solar System.","value":"Span inner and outer Solar System"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"11a","investigation":"exploding-stars","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"searching-for-supernovae-4/","title":"Type Ia Supernovae as Standard Candles","sectionOrder":null,"order":"11.1","content":"Astronomers classify types of supernovae for different reasons. Type Ia supernovae are particularly useful because they can be used to measure distances to other galaxies. To be able to use Type Ia supernovae to determine distance, we must first determine their actual, or intrinsic, peak brightness from the data we receive in our observations.
There is a relationship between the peak brightness of a Type Ia supernovae and the rate at which it decreases in brightness that allows astronomers to fit templates (which are graphs with model light curves) to Type Ia supernova data. Using these templates astronomers can correct the light curve of a Type Ia supernova to determine its intrinsic peak brightness, which is expressed as the supernova’s absolute magnitude (M). Astronomers have determined that most Type Ia supernovae have about the same intrinsic peak brightness and absolute magnitude. For this reason, Type Ia supernovae are sometimes called standard candles.
","next":{"title":"Using Type Ia Supernovae to Measure Distances","link":"/searching-for-supernovae-4-1/"},"previous":{"title":"Classifying Supernova #3","link":"/searching-for-supernovae-3-1/"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"610","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":"selection","label":"Suppose you observe Type Ia supernovae at their peak brightness in two different galaxies. One galaxy is farther away than the other. In which galaxy will the supernova appear brighter?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select one","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"The supernova in the farther galaxy will appear brighter","value":"The supernova in the farther galaxy will appear brighter"},{"label":"The supernova in the closer galaxy will appear brighter","value":"The supernova in the closer galaxy will appear brighter"},{"label":"The supernovae will appear the same brightness because Type Ia supernovae always have the same intrinsic peak brightness.","value":"The supernovae will appear the same brightness because Type Ia supernovae always have the same intrinsic peak brightness."}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"11b","investigation":"exploding-stars","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"searching-for-supernovae-4-1/","title":"Using Type Ia Supernovae to Measure Distances","sectionOrder":null,"order":"11.2","content":"Since all Type Ia supernovae have similar peak intrinsic brightness, if they were all located the same distance from Earth, they would appear equally bright. But they are scattered throughout the Universe in many different galaxies.
To find the distance to these galaxies we use these three steps:
Watch this animation to better understand how to fit a template to light curve data.
","next":{"title":"Determining the Peak Apparent Magnitude of Supernova #1","link":"/searching-for-supernovae-4-2/"},"previous":{"title":"Type Ia Supernovae as Standard Candles","link":"/searching-for-supernovae-4/"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":null},{"id":"11c","investigation":"exploding-stars","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"searching-for-supernovae-4-2/","title":"Using Type Ia Supernovae to Measure Distances","sectionOrder":null,"order":"11.3","content":null,"next":{"title":"Determining the Peak Apparent Magnitude of Supernova #1","link":"/distance-to-supernovae-1/"},"previous":{"title":"Using Type Ia Supernovae to Measure Distances","link":"/searching-for-supernovae-4-1/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"SupernovaSelectorWithLightCurve","source":"/data/galaxies/ZTF20acqzjqz.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":true,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":["Ia"],"choosePeakMagnitude":true,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":"611","preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":"612","toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"611","questionType":"accordion","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":"selection","label":"Now practice fitting the Type Ia supernova template to this sample data:
Now let's determine the peak apparent magnitude of your fitted template.
Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"a. g=green, r=red, i=orange, y=yellow","value":"a. g=green, r=red, i=orange, y=yellow"},{"label":"b. g=green, r=yellow, i=orange, y=red","value":"b. g=green, r=yellow, i=orange, y=red"},{"label":"c. g=red, r=orange, i=blue, y=yellow","value":"c. g=red, r=orange, i=blue, y=yellow"},{"label":"d. g=violet, r=green, i=blue, y=red","value":"d. g=violet, r=green, i=blue, y=red"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"19","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Which one of the following is an example of an incorrect chromatic ordering for the four filters shown in italics?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"a. g=violet, r=blue, i=green, y=yellow","value":"a. g=violet, r=blue, i=green, y=yellow"},{"label":"b. g=blue, r=green, i=orange, y=red","value":"b. g=blue, r=green, i=orange, y=red"},{"label":"c. g=violet, r=yellow, i=orange, y=red","value":"c. g=violet, r=yellow, i=orange, y=red"},{"label":"d. g.red, r=yellow, i=orange, y=blue","value":"d. g.red, r=yellow, i=orange, y=blue"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"20","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"As you have learned in this section, chromatic ordering of colors is used to communicate information about the wavelengths of light in the image. Give an example of how color(s) in your culture is used to communicate a message. What is the color, and what message does it communicate?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"demo-12","investigation":"demo-mini","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"exploring-the-deep-2/","title":"Exploring Rubin Observatory Data: Redness vs. Distance","sectionOrder":null,"order":"12","content":"This is a plot of redness vs. distance of galaxies from every direction that can be observed by the Rubin Observatory.
","next":{"title":"Effects of an Asteroid Impact","link":"/impact-calc/"},"previous":{"title":"Exploring Rubin Observatory Data: Brightness vs. Distance","link":"/exploring-the-deep-1/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"GalacticProperties","source":"/data/galaxies/hsc/hsc.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":{"col":"right","row":"top"},"options":{"title":"Redness Vs Distance","hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":"440","createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":true,"svgShapes":["triangle","triangle"],"color":"4","domain":[[0,14],[0,2]],"xAxisLabel":"Distance (Billion Ly)","yAxisLabel":"Flux ratio i/z (redness)","xValueAccessor":"distance","yValueAccessor":"color","tooltipAccessors":["distance","color"],"tooltipUnits":["Billion Ly","Flux ratio"],"tooltipLabels":["Distance","Flux"],"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":null,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":null},{"id":"hazardous12","investigation":"hazardous-asteroids","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"determining-orbits-5/","title":"Additional Observations and Orbit Refinement","sectionOrder":null,"order":"12","content":"Now there have been four successful observations of the asteroid.
","next":{"title":"Making a Final Observation","link":"/determining-orbits-5-1/"},"previous":{"title":"Predicting Where to Observe Next","link":"/determining-orbits-4/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"OrbitalViewer","source":"/data/neos/K17C01P_orb_1-20.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":0.5,"objectName":null,"questionId":"21","potentialOrbits":true,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":[{"id":"obs-7","label":"#1","interactable":false,"isActive":false,"position":0.55},{"id":"obs-6","label":"#2","interactable":false,"isActive":false,"position":0.6},{"id":"obs-5","label":"#3","interactable":false,"isActive":false,"position":0.65},{"id":"obs-1","label":"#4","interactable":false,"isActive":false,"position":0.7}],"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"19","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"What do you notice is different about the spread of possible orbits based on four observations, compared to the possible orbits based on three observations?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"12","investigation":"exploding-stars","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"distance-to-supernovae-1/","title":"Determining the Peak Apparent Magnitude of Supernova #4","sectionOrder":null,"order":"12","content":"Use the process you just practiced to determine the peak apparent magnitudes of three Type Ia supernovae. Here’s the first one.
Quick recap of directions:
","next":{"title":"Determining the Peak Apparent Magnitude of Supernova #5","link":"/distance-to-supernovae-1-1/"},"previous":{"title":"Using Type Ia Supernovae to Measure Distances","link":"/searching-for-supernovae-4-2/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"SupernovaSelectorWithLightCurve","source":"/data/galaxies/ZTF20acugxbm.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":true,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":["Ia"],"choosePeakMagnitude":true,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":"63","preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":"163","toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":null,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"63","questionType":"accordion","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":"selection","label":"Get the best fit of the template to your light curve data. SAVE.
","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"The Type ","answerPost":" template fits the data for Supernova #4","answerAccessor":"light-curve-template","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"163","questionType":"accordion","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":"selection","label":"Determine the peak apparent magnitude of your fitted template. SAVE.
","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"This supernova's magnitude is ","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"magnitude","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"ngsssolarsystem12","investigation":"ngss-solar-system","layout":"SingleCol","slug":"characterizing-orbits-4/","title":"Comparing Orbital Properties","sectionOrder":null,"order":"12","content":null,"next":{"title":"Identifying Groups of Solar System Objects - 1","link":"/identifying-groups/"},"previous":{"title":"Characterizing Comets","link":"/characterizing-comet/"},"tables":[{"id":"1","title":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"top"},"fixed":true,"colTitles":["Group","Size of Orbit","Eccentricity","Inclination","Direction of Orbit"],"rowTitles":[["NEOs"],["MBAs"],["TNOs"],["Comets"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"data","id":"6","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"4","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"5","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"7","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"10","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"8","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"9","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"11","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"14","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"12","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"13","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"15","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"18","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"16","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"17","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"19","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":null}],"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"20","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Which groups of objects have similar properties, and what are the properties they have in common? Provide at least three examples.","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"21","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"What differences exist between the different groups of objects? Provide at least three examples.","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"hazardous12a","investigation":"hazardous-asteroids","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"determining-orbits-5-1/","title":"Making a Final Observation","sectionOrder":null,"order":"12.1","content":null,"next":{"title":"How New Observations Affect Probability","link":"/determining-orbits-6/"},"previous":{"title":"Additional Observations and Orbit Refinement","link":"/determining-orbits-5/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"OrbitalViewer","source":"/data/neos/K17C01P_orb_1-20.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":0.5,"objectName":null,"questionId":"21","potentialOrbits":true,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":[{"id":"obs-1","label":"#1","interactable":false,"isActive":false,"position":0.55},{"id":"obs-2","label":"#2","interactable":false,"isActive":false,"position":0.6},{"id":"obs-3","label":"#3","interactable":false,"isActive":false,"position":0.65},{"id":"obs-4","label":"#4","interactable":false,"isActive":false,"position":0.7},{"id":"obs-5","label":"A","interactable":true,"isActive":true,"position":0.75},{"id":"obs-7","label":"B","interactable":true,"isActive":false,"position":0.9},{"id":"obs-8","label":"C","interactable":true,"isActive":false,"position":0.08},{"id":"obs-9","label":"D","interactable":true,"isActive":false,"position":0.25}],"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"20","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Because you have been successful at making another observation of the asteroid, you are awarded another night of telescope time. What point do you want to try next (A, B, C, D)? Explain your reasoning.","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"21","questionType":"accordion","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":"selection","label":"Click on the location of the asteroid you selected.
","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected Observation: ","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"observation","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"22","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"The location that turned green is the best choice for your next observation. Was this the location you chose? If you chose a different location, explain what was wrong with the reasoning for your choice.","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"220","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"When making observations to refine the orbit of a newly-discovered asteroid, it’s best to point the telescope","labelPost":"the set of observations you have successfully made.","srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"as close as possible to","value":"as close as possible to"},{"label":"as far away from","value":"as far away from"},{"label":"exactly opposite","value":"exactly opposite"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"coloring12","investigation":"coloring-universe","layout":"SingleCol","slug":"astronomical-color-images/","title":"Constructing an Astronomical Image","sectionOrder":null,"order":"120","content":"","next":{"title":"Color Balancing an Image","link":"/astronomical-color-images-2/"},"previous":{"title":"Color in Astronomical Images","link":"/color-in-astronomical-images/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"AstroTool","source":"/data/filters/m33-filter.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"bottom"},"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":"M33","questionId":"M33_01","potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"M33_01","questionType":"prompt","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Now you will practice constructing an image using chromatic ordering with images of M33, a spiral galaxy, taken through the six Rubin Observatory filters. Follow the steps in the bullet list below.
Note: If you have difficulty distinguishing between certain colors, you can substitute alternate colors; cyan and magenta are available for this purpose.
You now see a full color image of M33, made by combining the light from these six filters.
","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"colorTool","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"coloring12_2","investigation":"coloring-universe","layout":"SingleCol","slug":"astronomical-color-images-2/","title":"Color Balancing an Image","sectionOrder":null,"order":"122","content":null,"next":{"title":"Connecting Wavelengths, Colors and Astronomical Objects","link":"/what-should-my-image-look-like/"},"previous":{"title":"Constructing an Astronomical Image","link":"/astronomical-color-images/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"AstroTool","source":"/data/filters/m33-filter.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"bottom"},"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":"M33","questionId":"M33_01","potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":null,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"M33_01","questionType":"prompt","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Now it’s your turn to color balance galaxy M33. Adjust the sliders until you are satisfied that you have color balanced this image.
","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"colorTool","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"demo-13","investigation":"demo-mini","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"impact-calc/","title":"Effects of an Asteroid Impact","sectionOrder":null,"order":"13","content":"Try placing yourself at different distances (r) away from the point of impact to see what you would experience. Two different types of damage are predicted:
You may select distances up to 20,000,000 meters away, which is on the other side of Earth opposite the impact. Note: to input a number in scientific notation, for example 1.2x107 , type 1.2e7.
","next":{"title":"Creating Your Astronomical Image","link":"/coloring/"},"previous":{"title":"Exploring Rubin Observatory Data: Redness vs. Distance","link":"/exploring-the-deep-2/"},"tables":[{"id":"7","title":"Asteroid Impact Damage","layout":{"col":"right","row":"top"},"fixed":true,"colTitles":["","3200 Phaeton"],"rowTitles":[["Distance from Impact"],["Seismic Damage"],["Air Blast Damage"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"observerDistance","id":"5555","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"mercalliIntensity","id":"5555","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"airBlastDamage","id":"5555","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":null}],"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"5555","questionType":"ImpactDamageCalculator","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Input the kinetic energy of your asteroid, and a distance from the impact to estimate the damage observed from that distance.","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"all","placeholder":"Enter values","showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"hazardous13","investigation":"hazardous-asteroids","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"determining-orbits-6/","title":"How New Observations Affect Probability","sectionOrder":null,"order":"13","content":"Astronomers have now ruled out 2000 of the possible 3000 orbits initially calculated. Of the remaining 1000 possible orbits, 10 orbits show the asteroid hitting Earth.
","next":{"title":"Evaluating the Trend in Impact Probability","link":"/determining-orbits-7/"},"previous":{"title":"Making a Final Observation","link":"/determining-orbits-5-1/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"OrbitalViewer","source":"/data/neos/K17C01P_orb_1-25.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":0.5,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":true,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"2400","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"What is the new probability for this asteroid hitting Earth?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"23","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"The probability of impact for this asteroid has ","labelPost":".","srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"increased","value":"increased"},{"label":"decreased","value":"decreased"},{"label":"stayed the same","value":"stayed the same"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"24","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"How did the addition of more observations affect the total number of possible orbits and the probability of an impact happening?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"13","investigation":"exploding-stars","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"distance-to-supernovae-1-1/","title":"Determining the Peak Apparent Magnitude of Supernova #5","sectionOrder":null,"order":"13","content":"Here’s another Type Ia supernovae.
Quick recap of directions:
","next":{"title":"Determining the Peak Apparent Magnitude of Supernova #6","link":"/distance-to-supernovae-1-2/"},"previous":{"title":"Determining the Peak Apparent Magnitude of Supernova #4","link":"/distance-to-supernovae-1/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"SupernovaSelectorWithLightCurve","source":"/data/galaxies/ZTF19abqmpsr.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":true,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":["Ia"],"choosePeakMagnitude":true,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":"64","preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":"164","toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":null,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"64","questionType":"accordion","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":"selection","label":"Determine the peak apparent magnitude of your fitted template. SAVE.
","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"This supernova's magnitude is ","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"magnitude","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"ngsssolarsystem13","investigation":"ngss-solar-system","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"identifying-groups/","title":"Identifying Groups of Solar System Objects - 1","sectionOrder":null,"order":"13","content":"Use the Orbit Viewer to explore the orbital characteristics of a representative set of objects from one of the four groups. All of the displayed points and their motions represent real objects. Click and drag to change the angle at which you view the orbits. You can also zoom in and out. Use the buttons in the bottom of the Orbit Viewer to play, pause, or skip forward or backward. Click the Reset zoom and orientation button to return to the original view of these objects. You can change time for the displayed motion by moving the bead on the Time Step scale located at the right of the Orbit Viewer (to a maximum of 1year/second).
","next":{"title":"Identifying Groups of Solar System Objects - 2","link":"/identifying-groups-1/"},"previous":{"title":"Comparing Orbital Properties","link":"/characterizing-orbits-4/"},"tables":[{"id":"1","title":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"bottom"},"fixed":true,"colTitles":["Group","Size of Orbit","Eccentricity","Inclination","Direction of Orbit"],"rowTitles":[["NEOs"],["MBAs"],["TNOs"],["Comets"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"data","id":"6","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"4","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"5","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"7","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"10","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"8","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"9","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"11","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"14","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"12","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"13","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"15","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"18","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"16","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"17","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"19","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":false}],"widgets":[{"type":"OrbitalViewer","source":"/data/neos/TNO_orbit_50sample_wname2021.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":0.03,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":true,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"22","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Refer to your table of observations from the previous section. Which of the four groups do you think this is? Explain your reasoning in terms of the unique set of orbital properties that defines this group of objects.","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"coloring13","investigation":"coloring-universe","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"what-should-my-image-look-like/","title":"Connecting Wavelengths, Colors and Astronomical Objects","sectionOrder":null,"order":"130","content":null,"next":{"title":"Creating a Galaxy Image","link":"/what-should-my-image-look-like-1/"},"previous":{"title":"Constructing an Astronomical Image","link":"/astronomical-color-images-2/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"AstroTool","source":"/data/filters/m33-filter.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":{"col":"right","row":"bottom"},"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":true,"hideImage":false,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":"M33","questionId":"M33_01","potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"285","questionType":"compoundInput","compoundQuestion":["285","286","287"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"The sentence below comes from the NASA/JPL-Caltech information page and describes what is seen in the far left image. The sentence identifies three different objects that are listed in order based on the wavelength of the light they emit from shortest to longest. Since this is a chromatically ordered image, choose the correct color to fill in the blanks in the sentence below:If you look at the map for the most recent times, you will notice that there are some areas that have a very low concentration of galaxies. Areas of very low galaxy concentrations are referred to as voids.
","next":{"title":"Reflect and Discuss","link":"/discuss-report/"},"previous":{"title":"Observing How the Universe Changed over Time","link":"/change-over-time-1/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"LargeScaleStructure","source":"/data/galaxies/large-scale-slides.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"26a","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["26a","26b"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"As time goes on, voids will ","labelPost":"","srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"grow","value":"grow"},{"label":"shrink","value":"shrink"},{"label":"stay the same","value":"stay the same"}],"qaReview":null},{"id":"26b","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["26a","26b"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":" and the concentration of galaxies in voids will become ","labelPost":".","srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"higher","value":"higher"},{"label":"lower","value":"lower"},{"label":"stay the same","value":"stay the same"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"27","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Explain your answer above why this would be happening based on what you know about gravity and matter.","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"demo-14","investigation":"demo-mini","layout":"SingleCol","slug":"coloring/","title":"Creating Your Astronomical Image","sectionOrder":null,"order":"14","content":null,"next":{"title":"Further Exploration","link":"/conclusion/"},"previous":{"title":"Effects of an Asteroid Impact","link":"/impact-calc/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"AstroTool","source":"/data/filters/new-data-astro-filter.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"top"},"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":"50","potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":null,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"50","questionType":"accordion","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Create and save your completed color balanced image on this page, then answer the questions below.","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"colorTool","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"hazardous14","investigation":"hazardous-asteroids","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"determining-orbits-7/","title":"Evaluating the Trend in Impact Probability","sectionOrder":null,"order":"14","content":"After measuring the actual position of the asteroid on many different nights and different locations along its orbit, astronomers can rule out many of the possible orbits. The remaining possible orbits are shown here. Of the 500 remaining orbits, only 2 cross Earth’s orbit and the orbit is considered well-defined.
","next":{"title":"Determining the Orbit of an Asteroid","link":"/determining-orbits-8/"},"previous":{"title":"How New Observations Affect Probability","link":"/determining-orbits-6/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"OrbitalViewer","source":"/data/neos/K17C01P_orb_1-50.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":0.5,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":true,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"25","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"What is the probability of this asteroid hitting Earth?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"250","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"The probability of impact for this asteroid has ","labelPost":".","srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"increased","value":"increased"},{"label":"decreased","value":"decreased"},{"label":"stayed the same","value":"stayed the same"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"26","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["26","27"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"The case of the asteroid that you just investigated is typical in terms of how its probable impact threat changes as its orbit becomes refined. As more observations and measurements are made, the probability of impact typically","labelPost":"until such time when the actual obit is well-defined,","srLabel":"...","answerPre":"...","answerPost":"...","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"increases","value":"increases"},{"label":"decreases","value":"decreases"},{"label":"stays the same","value":"stays the same"}],"qaReview":null},{"id":"27","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["26","27"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"at which time the probability","labelPost":".","srLabel":"...","answerPre":"...","answerPost":"...","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"becomes very low (less than 1% to zero percent)","value":"becomes very low (less than 1% to zero percent)"},{"label":"stays the same at between 5 -10%","value":"stays the same at between 5 -10%"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"ngsssolarsystem14","investigation":"ngss-solar-system","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"identifying-groups-1/","title":"Identifying Groups of Solar System Objects - 2","sectionOrder":null,"order":"14","content":"Use the Orbit Viewer to explore this group.
","next":{"title":"Identifying Groups of Solar System Objects - 3","link":"/identifying-groups-2/"},"previous":{"title":"Identifying Groups of Solar System Objects - 1","link":"/identifying-groups/"},"tables":[{"id":"1","title":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"top"},"fixed":true,"colTitles":["Group","Size of Orbit","Eccentricity","Inclination","Direction of Orbit"],"rowTitles":[["NEOs"],["MBAs"],["TNOs"],["Comets"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"data","id":"6","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"4","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"5","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"7","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"10","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"8","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"9","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"11","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"14","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"12","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"13","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"15","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"18","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"16","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"17","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"19","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":false}],"widgets":[{"type":"OrbitalViewer","source":"/data/neos/MBA_orbit_50sample_wname2021.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":0.6,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":true,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"23","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Refer to your table of observations from the previous section. Which of the four groups do you think this is? Explain your reasoning in terms of the unique set of orbital properties that defines this group of objects.","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"14a","investigation":"exploding-stars","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"distance-to-supernovae-1-2/","title":"Determining the Peak Apparent Magnitude of Supernova #6","sectionOrder":null,"order":"14.1","content":"Here’s the third Type Ia supernovae.
Quick recap of directions:
","next":{"title":"Comparing Peak Apparent Magnitudes","link":"/distance-to-supernovae-1-3/"},"previous":{"title":"Determining the Peak Apparent Magnitude of Supernova #5","link":"/distance-to-supernovae-1-1/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"SupernovaSelectorWithLightCurve","source":"/data/galaxies/ZTF20acwxbyr.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":true,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":["Ia"],"choosePeakMagnitude":true,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":"65","preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":"165","toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":null,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"65","questionType":"accordion","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":"selection","label":"Determine the peak apparent magnitude of your fitted template. SAVE.
","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"This supernova's magnitude is ","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"magnitude","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"14b","investigation":"exploding-stars","layout":"SingleCol","slug":"distance-to-supernovae-1-3/","title":"Comparing Peak Apparent Magnitudes","sectionOrder":null,"order":"14.2","content":null,"next":{"title":"Calculating the Distance to Supernovae","link":"/distance-to-supernovae-2/"},"previous":{"title":"Determining the Peak Apparent Magnitude of Supernova #2","link":"/distance-to-supernovae-1-2/"},"tables":[{"id":"1","title":null,"layout":null,"fixed":null,"colTitles":["Supernova","Apparent Magnitude (m)"],"rowTitles":[["#4"],["#5"],["#6"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"magnitude","id":"163","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"magnitude","id":"164","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"magnitude","id":"165","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":false}],"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"120","questionType":"text","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Which of the three Type Ia supernovae appears brightest from Earth?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"121","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Recall that most Type Ia supernovae, when corrected, have about the same intrinsic peak brightness. Which one of these supernovae is the closest to Earth? Explain your reasoning.","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"coloring14","investigation":"coloring-universe","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"putting-it-all-together/","title":"Putting It All Together","sectionOrder":null,"order":"140","content":null,"next":{"title":"Creating Your Astronomical Image","link":"/putting-it-all-together-1/"},"previous":{"title":"What Should My Image Look Like?","link":"/what-should-my-image-look-like-1/"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"290","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"What types of objects would you like to investigate?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected: ","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"Spiral Galaxies","value":"Spiral Galaxies"},{"label":"Dusty Nebulae","value":"Dusty Nebulae"},{"label":"Far away galaxies","value":"Far away galaxies"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"291","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"What question do you want to answer about your object? (choose a question from the list below or develop your own question):
What filters are most appropriate for conducting your investigation? Why? (You don’t have to use all the filters.)
","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"293","questionType":"text","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"What chromatic ordering sequence will you use? List the filters you will use and the color you will assign to each filter:
","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"coloring14_1","investigation":"coloring-universe","layout":"SingleCol","slug":"putting-it-all-together-1/","title":"Creating Your Astronomical Image","sectionOrder":null,"order":"141","content":null,"next":{"title":"Describing Your Process","link":"/putting-it-all-together-2/"},"previous":{"title":"Putting It All Together","link":"/putting-it-all-together/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"AstroTool","source":"/data/filters/new-data-astro-filter.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"top"},"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":"50","potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":null,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"50","questionType":"accordion","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Create and save your completed color balanced image on this page, then answer the questions below.","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"colorTool","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"34","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Which type of object did you choose to explore?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select one","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"dusty nebulae","value":"dusty nebulae"},{"label":"far away galaxies","value":"far away galaxies"},{"label":"spiral galaxies","value":"spiral galaxies"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"38","questionType":"text","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Which image(s) have you selected?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"39","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"What question do you want to answer?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"40","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"What filters will be most appropriate for conducting your investigation? Why?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"41","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Develop your chromatic ordering sequence. (What colors will you assign to each filter?)","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"coloring14_2","investigation":"coloring-universe","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"putting-it-all-together-2/","title":"Describing Your Process","sectionOrder":null,"order":"142","content":null,"next":{"title":"Reflect and Discuss","link":"/reflect-and-discuss/"},"previous":{"title":"Creating Your Astronomical Image","link":"/putting-it-all-together-1/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"AstroTool","source":"/data/filters/new-data-astro-filter.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":{"col":"right","row":"top"},"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":true,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":"50","potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":null,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"60","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Provide a detailed, step-by-step description of the process to go from a set of images taken with multiple filters, to a chromatically ordered and color balanced image that communicates a specific astronomical idea or object:","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"demo-15","investigation":"demo-mini","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"conclusion/","title":"Further Exploration","sectionOrder":null,"order":"15","content":"Thank you for exploring some of the data driven educational experiences we have been developing. Your exploration doesn't have to stop here. These are links to the currently available full draft investigations:
Most often, newly discovered asteroids turn out to not be a threat to hit Earth. But Earth’s geologic record reveals 128 impact craters that are 6 km in diameter or larger (and many more smaller ones), evidence that motivates us to continue to be on the lookout for possible impactors.
Here is an interactive map of some of the larger Earth impact craters that have been discovered.
","next":{"title":"Defining Potentially Hazardous Asteroids","link":"/identifying-pha/"},"previous":{"title":"Evaluating the Trend in Impact Probability","link":"/determining-orbits-7/"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"271","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Find the impact crater nearest you. What is its name and location?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"272","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"What is the diameter of the crater? What is its age (how long ago did the impact occur)?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"ngsssolarsystem15","investigation":"ngss-solar-system","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"identifying-groups-2/","title":"Identifying Groups of Solar System Objects - 3","sectionOrder":null,"order":"15","content":"Use the Orbit Viewer to explore this group.
","next":{"title":"Identifying Groups of Solar System Objects - 4","link":"/identifying-groups-3/"},"previous":{"title":"Identifying Groups of Solar System Objects - 2","link":"/identifying-groups-1/"},"tables":[{"id":"1","title":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"top"},"fixed":true,"colTitles":["Group","Size of Orbit","Eccentricity","Inclination","Direction of Orbit"],"rowTitles":[["NEOs"],["MBAs"],["TNOs"],["Comets"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"data","id":"6","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"4","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"5","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"7","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"10","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"8","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"9","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"11","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"14","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"12","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"13","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"15","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"18","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"16","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"17","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"19","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":false}],"widgets":[{"type":"OrbitalViewer","source":"/data/neos/comets_orbit_50sample_wname2021.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":0.2,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":true,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"24","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Refer to your table of observations from the previous section. Which of the four groups do you think this is? Explain your reasoning in terms of the unique set of orbital properties that defines this group of objects.","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"observable15","investigation":"observable-universe","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"discuss-report/","title":"Reflect and Discuss","sectionOrder":null,"order":"15","content":null,"next":{"title":"Putting it all Together","link":"/summary/"},"previous":{"title":"Observing How the Universe Changed over Time","link":"/change-over-time-4/"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"28","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Is the large-scale structure changing in a manner that is consistent with the cosmological principle?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"29","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"If the Universe had started out with a higher initial amount of matter, would galaxies join together to form large structures faster or slower? Explain your reasoning using the concept of gravitational interactions of matter.","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"30","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"While looking up at the night sky a friend of yours says, “Did you know that all of the stars we see up there have long since burned out and died? We just don’t know it yet because it takes so long for their light to get here.” Considering that stars typically live for several billion years, and that most of the stars you can see are within 1000 light years of us, how would you respond to your friend?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"31","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"New telescopes are being designed that will be able to collect ten times as much light as the largest telescopes that currently exist. With these new telescopes, do you think that astronomers will be able to see galaxies ten times farther away than those we can see now? Explain your reasoning.","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"32","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Do you think it's important for us to continue observing far away places of the Universe, where we will never be able to visit? Why or why not?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"15a","investigation":"exploding-stars","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"distance-to-supernovae-2/","title":"Calculating the Distance to Supernovae","sectionOrder":null,"order":"15.1","content":"Astronomers use a relationship called the distance modulus to calculate the distance to a supernova. The distance modulus (DM) is the difference between the peak apparent magnitude (m) and the peak absolute magnitude (M). For most Type Ia supernovae, the corrected peak absolute magnitude (M) is always the same value: -19.4.
So the DM = (m - M)
= (m - (-19.4))
= (m + 19.4)
In order to calculate the actual distance from Earth, the value of the distance modulus (DM) is inserted into the equation below:
d = 10 ^ ((DM+5)/5)
Where distance (d) is expressed in parsecs*, and DM is your value for the distance modulus.
*1 parsec = 3.26 light-years
Does this look complicated? Don’t worry- we’ll do the calculations for you! All you have to do is enter the peak apparent magnitudes you determined. The calculated distances will be added to the table, reported in megalight-years (Mly). One Mly is equal to one million light-years
","next":{"title":"How Galaxies are Arranged in Space","link":"/distance-to-supernovae-2-1/"},"previous":{"title":"Finding the distance to Supernovae","link":"/distance-to-supernovae-1-3/"},"tables":[{"id":"1","title":null,"layout":{"col":"right","row":"bottom"},"fixed":null,"colTitles":["Supernova","Apparent Magnitude (m)","Distance (Mly)"],"rowTitles":[["#4"],["#5"],["#6"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"magnitude","id":"163","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"megaLightYears","id":"66","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"magnitude","id":"164","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"megaLightYears","id":"67","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"magnitude","id":"165","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"megaLightYears","id":"68","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":null}],"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"66","questionType":"DistanceCalculator","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Enter the peak apparent magnitude (m) for supernova #4 to find its distance from Earth.","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"magnitude","placeholder":"Enter peak magnitude","showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"67","questionType":"DistanceCalculator","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Enter the peak apparent magnitude (m) for supernova #5 to find its distance from Earth.","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"magnitude","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"68","questionType":"DistanceCalculator","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Enter the peak apparent magnitude (m) for supernova #6 to find its distance from Earth.","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected: ","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"magnitude","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"69","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["69","70"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"A supernova that is close to Earth will appear","labelPost":"and","srLabel":"What best describes the luminosity of a supernova that is close to Earth appear?","answerPre":"A supernova that is close to Earth will appear","answerPost":".","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"bright","value":"bright"},{"label":"dim","value":"dim"}],"qaReview":null},{"id":"70","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["69","70"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"have a peak apparent magnitude number that is","labelPost":".","srLabel":"What best describes the peak apparent magnitude of a supernova that is close to Earth?","answerPre":"A supernova that is close to Earth has a","answerPost":"apparent magnitude.","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"large","value":"large"},{"label":"small","value":"small"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"15b","investigation":"exploding-stars","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"distance-to-supernovae-2-1/","title":"How Galaxies are Arranged in Space","sectionOrder":null,"order":"15.2","content":"
By using Type Ia supernovae to measure the distance from Earth to other galaxies, astronomers have been able to map the distribution of galaxies in space. Our Milky Way galaxy is orbited by dozens of nearby and small satellite galaxies. The Milky Way galaxy, these satellite galaxies and more than 50 other galaxies are all part of what we call the Local Group. The Local Group, along with over 100,000 other galaxies, are all part of the Laniakea Supercluster. Laniakea is just one of many galaxy superclusters that are scattered throughout the Universe.
","next":{"title":"Finding the distance to Supernovae","link":"/distance-to-supernovae-3/"},"previous":{"title":"Calculating the Distance to Supernovae","link":"/distance-to-supernovae-2/"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":null},{"id":"coloring15","investigation":"coloring-universe","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"reflect-and-discuss/","title":"Reflect and Discuss","sectionOrder":null,"order":"150","content":null,"next":{"title":"Acknowledgemnts Page","link":"/acknowledgements/"},"previous":{"title":"Describing Your Process","link":"/putting-it-all-together-2/"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"27","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"You are wearing a pair of sunglasses and notice that the lenses of your glasses make the color of the sun look yellow. What is the most likely explanation for this color change?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"The lens of your sunglasses cause the white light of the sun to become yellow light.","value":"The lens of your sunglasses cause the white light of the sun to become yellow light"},{"label":"The lens of your sunglasses reflects yellow light but transmits other colors.","value":"The lens of your sunglasses reflects yellow light but transmits other colors."},{"label":"The lens of your sunglasses transmits yellow light but blocks other colors.","value":"The lens of your sunglasses transmits yellow light but blocks other colors."}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"28","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"An object is imaged using the z, g, and u filters. What colors would you assign to each of these filters to chromatically order them? In your answer, provide the filter letter and its corresponding color.","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"29","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"An asteroid is imaged using u, g, and r filters. It is visible in all three images but looks brightest in the r filter image. Does the asteroid reflect any blue light? Explain your reasoning.","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"30","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"A new type of object has been discovered in space. Its surface is brightest at green wavelengths of light. You have a chance to use Rubin Observatory images to study this object. Which three filters would you select to construct a full color image of the object, what colors would you assign to them, and what color would the object be in your image? Explain your reasoning.","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"coloring16","investigation":"coloring-universe","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"acknowledgements/","title":"Acknowledgements","sectionOrder":null,"order":"16","content":"This investigation was created by the Education and Public Outreach program of the Vera C. Rubin Observatory Construction project. In an effort to create and test this investigation prior to the start of Operations, we rely on the data of our scientific colleagues. A majority of the images were taken, processed, and provided by Travis A. Rector of the University of Alaska Anchorage and CTIO/NOAO/NSF. Additionally, the variety of topics covered in this investigation led to images provided by a large number of surveys being used. Links have been included throughout to the publicly-available source images.
Dropout galaxies were sourced from the deep field images from Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program, a wide-field optical imaging survey on the 8.2 meter Subaru Telescope, as part of Public Data Release 1. Images were accessed through the Rubin Science Platform.
The team would also like to thank Travis A. Rector for providing his expertise in processing color images for the public in the creation and design of this investigation.
Vera C. Rubin Observatory is a Federal project jointly funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science, with early construction funding received from private donations through the LSST Corporation. The NSF-funded LSST (now Rubin Observatory) Project Office for construction was established as an operating center under the management of the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA). The DOE-funded effort to build the Rubin Observatory LSST Camera (LSSTCam) is managed by SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC).
","next":{"title":null,"link":null},"previous":{"title":"Reflect and Discuss","link":"/reflect-and-discuss/"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":null},{"id":"16","investigation":"exploding-stars","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"distance-to-supernovae-3/","title":"Galaxy Distances in the Local Universe","sectionOrder":null,"order":"16","content":"Compare the distances for your galaxies with the provided distances to other locations in the Universe to answer the questions below.
","next":{"title":"Reflect and Discuss","link":"/discuss-report/"},"previous":{"title":"How Galaxies are Arranged in Space","link":"/distance-to-supernovae-2-1/"},"tables":[{"id":"2","title":"Locations & Distances","layout":{"col":"right","row":"top"},"fixed":null,"colTitles":["Location","Distance"],"rowTitles":[["Inside the Milky Way"],["Possible satellite galaxy of the Milky Way"],["Member of the Local Group"],["Member of the Laniakea Supercluster"],["Beyond the Laniakea Supercluster"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Less than 100,000 ly (0.1 Mly) away","type":null}],[{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"0.1 - 1.4 Mly","type":null}],[{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"1.4 - 5 Mly","type":null}],[{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"5 - 520 Mly","type":null}],[{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Beyond 520 Mly","type":null}]],"qaReview":false},{"id":"5","title":"Magnitudes & Distances","layout":{"col":"left","row":"top"},"fixed":null,"colTitles":["Supernova","Apparent Magnitude (m)","Distance (Mly)"],"rowTitles":[["#4"],["#5"],["#6"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"magnitude","id":"163","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"megaLightYears","id":"66","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"magnitude","id":"164","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"megaLightYears","id":"67","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"magnitude","id":"165","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"megaLightYears","id":"68","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":false}],"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"73","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Based on Supernova #4's distance from Earth, select the answer that best describes the possible location of Supernova #4.","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Supernova #4 is located ","answerPost":".","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"Select a location","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"Inside the Milky Way","value":"Inside the Milky Way"},{"label":"Possible satellite galaxy of the Milky Way","value":"Possible satellite galaxy of the Milky Way"},{"label":"Member of the Local Group","value":"Member of the Local Group"},{"label":"Member of the Laniakea Supercluster","value":"Member of the Laniakea Supercluster"},{"label":"Beyond the Laniakea Supercluster","value":"Beyond the Laniakea Supercluster"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"74","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Based on Supernova #5's distance from Earth, select the answer that best describes the possible location of Supernova #5.","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Supernova #4 is located ","answerPost":".","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"Select a location","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"Inside the Milky Way","value":"Inside the Milky Way"},{"label":"Possible satellite galaxy of the Milky Way","value":"Possible satellite galaxy of the Milky Way"},{"label":"Member of the Local Group","value":"Member of the Local Group"},{"label":"Member of the Laniakea Supercluster","value":"Member of the Laniakea Supercluster"},{"label":"Beyond the Laniakea Supercluster","value":"Beyond the Laniakea Supercluster"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"75","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Based on Supernova #6's distance from Earth, select the answer that best describes the possible location of Supernova #6.","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Supernova #4 is located ","answerPost":".","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"Select a location","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"Inside the Milky Way","value":"Inside the Milky Way"},{"label":"Possible satellite galaxy of the Milky Way","value":"Possible satellite galaxy of the Milky Way"},{"label":"Member of the Local Group","value":"Member of the Local Group"},{"label":"Member of the Laniakea Supercluster","value":"Member of the Laniakea Supercluster"},{"label":"Beyond the Laniakea Supercluster","value":"Beyond the Laniakea Supercluster"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"76","questionType":"text","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Who has the most distant supernova in your group/class? What is its distance in light years?
","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"hazardous16","investigation":"hazardous-asteroids","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"identifying-pha/","title":"Defining Potentially Hazardous Asteroids","sectionOrder":null,"order":"16","content":"The International Astronomical Union has created a category for asteroids that pose a potential threat of an Earth impact that would inflict serious damage. They are called Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (PHAs). PHAs must meet these requirements:
If an asteroid comes within 0.05 au of Earth, it is considered close enough that over short time scales (within about one hundred years) its orbit could be altered by the gravitational attraction of a planet so that the asteroid could hit Earth. Most often, Jupiter, because of its large mass, is the planet responsible for altering asteroid orbits.
It’s important to note that, in the PHA definition, the distance of 0.05 au is the distance between the orbits of Earth and the asteroid at their closest approach, not the actual distance between Earth and the asteroid. The closest distance between the two orbits is known as the Minimum Orbit Intersection Distance (MOID).
","next":{"title":"Size and Brightness of Asteroids","link":"/identifying-pha-1/"},"previous":{"title":"Determining the Orbit of an Asteroid","link":"/determining-orbits-8/"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"28","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["28","29"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"If Earth were more massive, the gravitational force it would exert on nearby asteroids would","labelPost":",","srLabel":"...","answerPre":"...","answerPost":"...","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"become stronger","value":"become stronger"},{"label":"become weaker","value":"become weaker"},{"label":"stay the same","value":"stay the same"}],"qaReview":null},{"id":"29","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["28","29"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"causing the potential distance at which Earth might alter an asteroid’s orbit to","labelPost":".","srLabel":"...","answerPre":"...","answerPost":"...","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"increase","value":"increase"},{"label":"decrease","value":"decrease"},{"label":"stay the same","value":"stay the same"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"ngsssolarsystem16","investigation":"ngss-solar-system","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"identifying-groups-3/","title":"Identifying Groups of Solar System Objects - 4","sectionOrder":null,"order":"16","content":"Use the Orbit Viewer to explore this group.
","next":{"title":"Comparing Groups of Solar System Objects","link":"/identifying-groups-4/"},"previous":{"title":"Identifying Groups of Solar System Objects - 3","link":"/identifying-groups-2/"},"tables":[{"id":"1","title":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"top"},"fixed":true,"colTitles":["Group","Size of Orbit","Eccentricity","Inclination","Direction of Orbit"],"rowTitles":[["NEOs"],["MBAs"],["TNOs"],["Comets"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"data","id":"6","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"4","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"5","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"7","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"10","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"8","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"9","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"11","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"14","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"12","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"13","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"15","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"18","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"16","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"17","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"19","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":false}],"widgets":[{"type":"OrbitalViewer","source":"/data/neos/NEO_orbit_50sample_wname2021.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":0.8,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":true,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"25","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Refer to your table of observations from the previous section. Which of the four groups do you think this is? Explain your reasoning in terms of the unique set of orbital properties that defines this group of objects.","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"observable16","investigation":"observable-universe","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"summary/","title":"Putting it all Together","sectionOrder":null,"order":"16","content":"The changes in the large-scale structure are important to our understanding of the Universe. By seeing how the Universe has changed over time, cosmologists get clues to what processes might have created the structures in the first place.
Making these observations will give astronomers powerful new ways to tackle complex questions about the fundamental nature of gravity and interactions of matter and energy. The observations can be used to improve cosmological models of the Universe, which attempt to explain the profound connections between energy, matter, time and space. Perhaps we will be forced to make a new model that better explains the nature of dark energy and dark matter, which collectively account for 95% of the Universe. Perhaps we will discover new forms of energy or matter, new forces of nature, or even how the Universe was born.
","next":{"title":"Acknowledgements","link":"/acknowledgements/"},"previous":{"title":"Reflect and Discuss","link":"/discuss-report/"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"33","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["33","34","35","36","37"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"The color of a galaxy can be used to infer its distance, where ","labelPost":" galaxies","srLabel":"...","answerPre":"Selected","answerPost":" galaxy.","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"Select a type","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"redder","value":"redder"},{"label":"bluer","value":"bluer"}],"qaReview":null},{"id":"34","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["33","34","35","36","37"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"tend to be ","labelPost":" us.","srLabel":"...","answerPre":"...","answerPost":"...","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"Select a type","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"farther away from","value":"farther away from"},{"label":"closer to","value":"closer to"}],"qaReview":null},{"id":"35","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["33","34","35","36","37"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"Our observable Universe, based on the light we can detect, is limited by the ","labelPost":" of the Universe.","srLabel":"...","answerPre":"...","answerPost":"...","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"Select a type","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"age","value":"age"},{"label":"size","value":"size"}],"qaReview":null},{"id":"36","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["33","34","35","36","37"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"Because the Universe is expanding, the distance to the farthest galaxies we can see is ","labelPost":" the distance light could travel over the age of the Universe (13.8 billion light years). ","srLabel":"...","answerPre":"...","answerPost":"...","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"Select a type","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"more than","value":"more than"},{"label":"less than","value":"less than"}],"qaReview":null},{"id":"37","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["33","34","35","36","37"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"When observing distant galaxies in the Universe we see them as they ","labelPost":".","srLabel":"...","answerPre":"...","answerPost":"...","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"Select a type","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"are now","value":"are now"},{"label":"were in the past","value":"were in the past"},{"label":"will be in the future","value":"will be in the future"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"38","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["38","39","40","41","42","43","44"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"By studying the Universe at different times in its history, we see that the large-scale structure of the Universe has ","labelPost":", ","srLabel":"...","answerPre":"Selected","answerPost":" galaxy.","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"Select a type","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"changed","value":"changed"},{"label":"stayed the same","value":"stayed the same"}],"qaReview":null},{"id":"39","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["38","39","40","41","42","43","44"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"with a distribution of galaxies long ago that was","labelPost":", ","srLabel":"...","answerPre":"...","answerPost":"...","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"Select a type","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"relatively smooth","value":"relatively smooth"},{"label":"clumpy","value":"clumpy"}],"qaReview":null},{"id":"40","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["38","39","40","41","42","43","44"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"to a distribution now with ","labelPost":" concentrations of galaxies ","srLabel":"...","answerPre":"...","answerPost":"...","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"Select a type","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"large","value":"large"},{"label":"small","value":"small"}],"qaReview":null},{"id":"41","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["38","39","40","41","42","43","44"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"and ","labelPost":" voids.","srLabel":"...","answerPre":"...","answerPost":"...","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"Select a type","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"large","value":"large"},{"label":"small","value":"small"}],"qaReview":null},{"id":"42","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["38","39","40","41","42","43","44"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"Over time the force of gravity has caused galaxies to move ","labelPost":", creating the regions of low galaxy concentrations called voids.","srLabel":"...","answerPre":"...","answerPost":"...","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"Select a type","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"closer together","value":"closer together"},{"label":"further apart","value":"further apart"}],"qaReview":null},{"id":"43","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["38","39","40","41","42","43","44"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"The change in the large-scale structure of the Universe is ","labelPost":" depending on which direction we observe,","srLabel":"...","answerPre":"...","answerPost":"...","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"Select a type","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"the same","value":"the same"},{"label":"different","value":"different"}],"qaReview":null},{"id":"44","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["38","39","40","41","42","43","44"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"which is consistent with ","labelPost":".","srLabel":"...","answerPre":"...","answerPost":"...","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"Select a type","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"the cosmological principle","value":"the cosmological principle"},{"label":"cosmological redshift","value":"cosmological redshift"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"17","investigation":"exploding-stars","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"discuss-report/","title":"Reflect and Discuss","sectionOrder":null,"order":"17","content":null,"next":{"title":"Putting it all Together","link":"/summary/"},"previous":{"title":"Finding the distance to Supernovae","link":"/distance-to-supernovae-3/"},"tables":[{"id":"1","title":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"top"},"fixed":null,"colTitles":["Supernova","Apparent Magnitude (m)","Distance (Mly)"],"rowTitles":[["#4"],["#5"],["#6"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"magnitude","id":"163","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"megaLightYears","id":"66","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"magnitude","id":"164","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"megaLightYears","id":"67","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"magnitude","id":"165","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"megaLightYears","id":"68","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":false}],"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"77","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"The Andromeda Galaxy (M31) is the closest large galaxy to the Milky Way. It is at a distance of 2.5 Mly from Earth. Approximately how many times farther away is Supernova 4 compared to the Andromeda galaxy?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"78","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"In this investigation you have learned how to classify (categorize) types of supernovae according to the shape of their light curves. Describe how you categorize something in your everyday life. What is an advantage of categorizing? What could be a disadvantage of categorizing?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"hazardous17","investigation":"hazardous-asteroids","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"identifying-pha-1/","title":"Size and Brightness of Asteroids","sectionOrder":null,"order":"17","content":"In order for astronomers to decide if an asteroid poses a significant threat to Earth, it’s not enough just to know about the orbits and locations of Earth and the asteroid. The size of the asteroid is an important factor too.
Scientists estimate that about every 10,000 years, on average, an asteroid about 100 m in diameter strikes the Earth, potentially causing significant damage. But most asteroids that enter Earth’s atmosphere don’t cause serious damage. Small objects less than one meter in diameter (approximately the size of a chair) enter Earth’s atmosphere frequently, but just burn up or fall harmlessly to the ground. However, objects larger than one meter in diameter won't burn up in the atmosphere and could cause damage. So even if an impact with an object greater than 140 m in diameter is a rare event, smaller asteroids also need to be monitored.
You can get an estimate of the size of an asteroid by measuring its brightness. Think about how this works by completing the following statement:
","next":{"title":"Calculating Asteroid Size","link":"/identifying-pha-2/"},"previous":{"title":"Defining Potentially Hazardous Asteroids","link":"/identifying-pha/"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"30","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["30","31"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"Larger asteroids have surfaces that reflect ","labelPost":" sunlight, ","srLabel":"...","answerPre":"...","answerPost":"...","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"more","value":"more"},{"label":"less","value":"less"}],"qaReview":null},{"id":"31","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["30","31"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"so they are ","labelPost":"than smaller asteroids.","srLabel":"...","answerPre":"...","answerPost":"...","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"dimmer","value":"dimmer"},{"label":"brighter","value":"brighter"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"ngsssolarsystem17","investigation":"ngss-solar-system","layout":"SingleCol","slug":"identifying-groups-4/","title":"Comparing Groups of Solar System Objects","sectionOrder":null,"order":"17","content":null,"next":{"title":"Distributions of Solar System Objects","link":"/identifying-groups-5/"},"previous":{"title":"Identifying Groups of Solar System Objects - 4","link":"/identifying-groups-3/"},"tables":[{"id":"1","title":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"top"},"fixed":true,"colTitles":["Group","Size of Orbit","Eccentricity","Inclination","Direction of Orbit"],"rowTitles":[["NEOs"],["MBAs"],["TNOs"],["Comets"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"data","id":"6","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"4","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"5","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"7","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"10","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"8","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"9","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"11","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"14","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"12","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"13","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"15","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"18","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"16","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"17","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"19","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":false}],"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"126","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Which of the four groups of Solar System objects have orbits that cross Earth’s orbit?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"26","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Which of the four groups have orbital periods shorter than Jupiter's?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"27","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Which of the four groups have orbital periods longer than Jupiter's?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"28","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["28","29"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"When an object is closest to the Sun in its orbit, the gravitational force it experiences is the ","labelPost":", ","srLabel":"...","answerPre":"...","answerPost":"...","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"greatest","value":"greatest"},{"label":"least","value":"least"}],"qaReview":null},{"id":"29","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["28","29"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"and its orbital speed at that location is the ","labelPost":".","srLabel":"...","answerPre":"...","answerPost":"...","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"Select a type","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"fastest","value":"fastest"},{"label":"slowest","value":"slowest"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"observable17","investigation":"observable-universe","layout":"SingleCol","slug":"acknowledgements/","title":"Acknowledgements","sectionOrder":null,"order":"17","content":null,"next":{"title":null,"link":null},"previous":{"title":"Putting it all Together","link":"/summary/"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":null},{"id":"hazardous18","investigation":"hazardous-asteroids","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"identifying-pha-2/","title":"Calculating Asteroid Size","sectionOrder":null,"order":"18","content":"To calculate the size of an asteroid, we must know its absolute magnitude and albedo. Asteroids don’t emit any light of their own, since they are icy or rocky objects. The light we see from asteroids is reflected sunlight. The absolute magnitude (H) can be thought of as the asteroid’s actual brightness, as opposed to how bright it appears to an observer on Earth. The absolute magnitudes of the brightest asteroids are around 3. Most of the asteroids that come close to Earth are very dim, with absolute magnitude values ranging from 18-24.
An asteroid’s albedo (p) is a measure of the reflectivity of its surface. An object that is pure white reflects 100% of the light that hits it and has an albedo of 1. An object that is pure black reflects 0% of the light that hits it and has an albedo of 0. The albedo for an asteroid depends on its surface material and roughness, but it ranges from 0.05 (5%), which is similar to the amount of light that reflects from charcoal or a blacktop road, to 0.25 (25%), which is similar to the amount of sunlight that reflects from grass.
The equation for calculating the size of an asteroid is given by:
D = 1329p 10 -0.2 × H
Where D is the diameter of the asteroid (in meters), H is the absolute magnitude of the asteroid, and p is the albedo of the asteroid.
","next":{"title":"Predicting the Size of Impact Craters","link":"/asteroid-impact/"},"previous":{"title":"Size and Brightness of Asteroids","link":"/identifying-pha-1/"},"tables":[{"id":"2","title":"Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (PHAs)","layout":{"col":"right","row":"top"},"fixed":null,"colTitles":["Requirements"],"rowTitles":null,"rows":[[{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Their orbits must come within 0.05 au of the orbit of Earth","type":null}],[{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"They must be at least 140m in diameter","type":null}]],"qaReview":false}],"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"32","questionType":"SizeCalculator","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Calculate the diameter of an asteroid that has an absolute magnitude of 22.75 and an albedo of 0.14","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":"Enter peak magnitude and albedo","showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"33","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"If we know the orbit of this asteroid is going to come within 0.05 au of Earth’s orbit (within the next one hundred years), then, based on the size you have calculated, is this asteroid potentially hazardous?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"ngsssolarsystem18","investigation":"ngss-solar-system","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"identifying-groups-5/","title":"Distributions of Solar System Objects","sectionOrder":null,"order":"18","content":"Now you will explore a histogram of the number of all small Solar System objects on the y-axis vs. size of orbit on the x-axis.
Note: the scale of the y-axis changes for each of the histograms.
Click on each icon found to the left of the histogram to change the group.
","next":{"title":"The Formation of the Solar System","link":"/history-solar-system/"},"previous":{"title":"Comparing Groups of Solar System Objects","link":"/identifying-groups-4/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"ChartSwitcher","source":null,"sources":null,"widgets":[{"type":"OrbitalProperties","source":"/data/neos/neo_semimajor_axis_hist.json","options":{"title":"NEO Orbit Sizes","icon":null,"domain":[[0,100],null],"yAxisLabel":"Number of NEOs","xAxisLabel":"NEO Orbit Sizes (au)","xValueAccessor":"semimajor_axis","yValueAccessor":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"tooltipAccessors":["countOfTotal","semimajor_axis"],"tooltipLabels":["NEOs","Orbit Size (au)"],"bins":20,"qaReview":null}},{"type":"OrbitalProperties","source":"/data/neos/mba_semimajor_axis_hist.json","options":{"title":"MBA Orbit Sizes","icon":null,"domain":[[0,100],null],"yAxisLabel":"Number of MBAs","xAxisLabel":"MBA Orbit Sizes (au)","xValueAccessor":"semimajor_axis","yValueAccessor":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"tooltipAccessors":["countOfTotal","semimajor_axis"],"tooltipLabels":["MBAs","Orbit Size (au)"],"bins":20,"qaReview":null}},{"type":"OrbitalProperties","source":"/data/neos/tno_semimajor_axis_hist.json","options":{"title":"TNO Orbit Sizes","icon":null,"domain":[[0,100],null],"yAxisLabel":"Number of TNOs","xAxisLabel":"TNO Orbit Sizes (au)","xValueAccessor":"semimajor_axis","yValueAccessor":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"tooltipAccessors":["countOfTotal","semimajor_axis"],"tooltipLabels":["TNOs","Orbit Size (au)"],"bins":20,"qaReview":null}},{"type":"OrbitalProperties","source":"/data/neos/comets_semimajor_axis_hist.json","options":{"title":"Comet Orbit Sizes","icon":null,"domain":[[0,100],null],"yAxisLabel":"Number of Comets","xAxisLabel":"Comet Orbit Sizes (au)","xValueAccessor":"semimajor_axis","yValueAccessor":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"tooltipAccessors":["countOfTotal","semimajor_axis"],"tooltipLabels":["Comets","Orbit Size (au)"],"bins":20,"qaReview":null}}],"layout":null,"options":null}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"30","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Which group of Solar System objects is the largest in number? ","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"NEOs","value":"NEOs"},{"label":"Comets","value":"Comets"},{"label":"TNOs","value":"TNOs"},{"label":"MBAs","value":"MBAs"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"18","investigation":"exploding-stars","layout":"SingleCol","slug":"summary/","title":"Putting it all Together","sectionOrder":null,"order":"18","content":null,"next":{"title":"Acknowledgements","link":"/acknowledgements/"},"previous":{"title":"Reflect and Discuss","link":"/discuss-report/"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"810","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["810","820","830"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"Different types of stars can explode to form supernovae. A star that is more than 8 times the mass of the Sun forms a Type","labelPost":"supernova.","srLabel":"What type of supernova forms from a star that has a mass at least 8 times the mass of the Sun?","answerPre":"A star that is at least 8 times the mass of the Sun forms a","answerPost":"supernova.","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"Ia","value":"Ia"},{"label":"IIp","value":"IIp"}],"qaReview":null},{"id":"820","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["810","820","830"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"A Type","labelPost":"supernova","srLabel":"What type of supernova forms from a star in binary star system?","answerPre":"A star in a binary star system forms a","answerPost":"supernova.","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"Ia","value":"Ia"},{"label":"IIp","value":"IIp"}],"qaReview":null},{"id":"830","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["810","820","830"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"forms from a","labelPost":"star in a binary star system.","srLabel":"What type of star in a binary star system...?","answerPre":"A star in a binary star system forms a","answerPost":"supernova.","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"massive star","value":"massive star"},{"label":"white dwarf","value":"white dwarf"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"84","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["84","85"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"Type Ia supernovae achieve a intrinsic peak brightness that is ","labelPost":"than the intrinsic peak brightness of Type IIp supernovae.","srLabel":"Is the maximum luminosity of a Type Ia supernova high or lower than the maximum luminosity of a Type IIp supernova?","answerPre":"The maximum luminosity of Type Ia supernova is","answerPost":"than the maximum luminosity of Type IIp supernova.","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"higher","value":"higher"},{"label":"lower","value":"lower"}],"qaReview":null},{"id":"85","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["84","85"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"After reaching its peak brightness, the light output from a Type Ia supernova","labelPost":"for a few months.","srLabel":"Describe how the light output of Type Ia supernovae changes in the few months after it reaches its peak brightness?","answerPre":"A Type Ia supernova's light output","answerPost":"in the few moths after it reaches its peak brightness.","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"decreases continuously","value":"decreases continuously"},{"label":"stays about the same brightness","value":"stays about the same brightness"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"86","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["86","87","88","89"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"Type","labelPost":"supernovae can be used to determine distances","srLabel":"...","answerPre":"...","answerPost":"...","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"Ia","value":"Ia"},{"label":"IIp","value":"IIp"}],"qaReview":null},{"id":"87","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["86","87","88","89"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"because they reach about the same","labelPost":"magnitude.","srLabel":"...","answerPre":"...","answerPost":"...","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"apparent","value":"apparent"},{"label":"absolute","value":"absolute"}],"qaReview":null},{"id":"88","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["86","87","88","89"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"Type ","labelPost":"supernovae cannot be used for distance measurement","srLabel":"...","answerPre":"...","answerPost":"...","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"Ia","value":"Ia"},{"label":"IIp","value":"IIp"}],"qaReview":null},{"id":"89","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["86","87","88","89"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"because the stars that become this type of supernova have a range of","labelPost":".","srLabel":"...","answerPre":"...","answerPost":"...","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"ages","value":"ages"},{"label":"masses","value":"masses"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"hazardous19","investigation":"hazardous-asteroids","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"asteroid-impact/","title":"Predicting the Size of Impact Craters","sectionOrder":null,"order":"19","content":"When an asteroid hits Earth, the amount of damage it causes depends primarily on the asteroid’s kinetic energy, which is given by the equation:
KE = ½ mv 2
In this equation KE is the kinetic energy of the asteroid, m is the mass of the asteroid, and v is its velocity. Note that the velocity is squared in the equation.
The table lists the masses and velocities of three asteroids.
","next":{"title":"Calculating the Kinetic Energy of an Asteroid","link":"/asteroid-impact-1/"},"previous":{"title":"Calculating Asteroid Size","link":"/identifying-pha-2/"},"tables":[{"id":"2","title":null,"layout":{"col":"right","row":"top"},"fixed":null,"colTitles":["","Asteroid #1","Asteroid #2","Asteroid #3"],"rowTitles":[["Mass"],["Velocity"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"25,000 kg","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"15,000 kg","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"15,000 kg","type":null}],[{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"15,000 m/s","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"25,000 m/s","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"15,000 m/s","type":null}]],"qaReview":false}],"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"34","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Predict which asteroid would make the largest impact crater (i.e., cause damage over the largest area) if it hit Earth. Explain your reasoning.","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"3400","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Predict which asteroid would make the smallest impact crater (i.e., cause damage over the smallest area) if it hit Earth. Explain your reasoning.","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"ngsssolarsystem19","investigation":"ngss-solar-system","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"history-solar-system/","title":"The Formation of the Solar System","sectionOrder":null,"order":"19","content":"According to the solar nebula theory, a spinning cloud of dust and gas collapsed and the young Sun began to form at the center, while dusty and icy objects began to grow by repeated collisions with each other in a flattened disk surrounding the Sun. The Sun and the disk surrounding it retained the same direction of motion as the spinning cloud that formed the Sun.
There is significant evidence to support this theory. Observations of star-forming regions reveal similar disks around young stars in other parts of the galaxy. Another piece of evidence that supports the theory is the fact that rocky planets formed close to the Sun (where temperatures were hotter) and icy planets formed at greater distances (where temperatures were much cooler).
We can also find evidence to support the solar nebula theory by studying the motions of objects within the Solar System. To validate this evidence, view a histogram that show inclinations of all four groups of solar system objects and look for overall patterns in the way objects orbit the Sun. (Remember, any inclination greater than 90 degrees indicates an object that is orbiting backwards.)
","next":{"title":"The History of the Solar System","link":"/nebula-theory/"},"previous":{"title":"Distributions of Solar System Objects","link":"/identifying-groups-5/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"OrbitalProperties","source":"/data/neos/all_inclination_hist.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":"Inclinations","hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":[[0,180],null],"xAxisLabel":"Inclinations (degrees)","yAxisLabel":"Number of Objects","xValueAccessor":"inclination","yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":["countOfTotal","inclination"],"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":["Objects","Inclination (degrees)"],"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":null,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"32","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"","labelPost":"of Solar System objects orbit in the same direction around the Sun.","srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"Nearly all","value":"Nearly all"},{"label":"Roughly half","value":"Roughly half"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"33","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"If the direction of an object’s orbit was random, there would be an equal chance that any object would travel around the Sun in either direction. Do the orbits you observe appear to be the result of random chance? If not, what might explain the direction of their orbital motions?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"ngsssolarsystem19a","investigation":"ngss-solar-system","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"nebula-theory/","title":"The History of the Solar System","sectionOrder":null,"order":"19.1","content":null,"next":{"title":"Classifying Newly Detected Solar System Objects","link":"/classifying-objects/"},"previous":{"title":"The Formation of the Solar System","link":"/history-solar-system/"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"34","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Imagine a close encounter in space between two objects, one with a large mass, and one with a small mass. As the objects approach each other, the gravitational forces they exert on each other must be equal according to Newton’s Third Law. Which object would experience a greater acceleration (change in its direction and speed)? Hint: think about Newton’s Second Law (force = mass X acceleration).","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"The more massive object would have its direction and speed affected more","value":"The more massive object would have its direction and speed affected more"},{"label":"The less massive object would have its direction and speed affected more","value":"The less massive object would have its direction and speed affected more"},{"label":"Both objects would experience the same change in direction and speed","value":"Both objects would experience the same change in direction and speed"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"350","questionType":"compoundInput","compoundQuestion":["350","351"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"In addition to mass, the distance between the two objects is a factor in determining the gravitational force between the objects. Objects that are farther apart will have a ","labelPost":" gravitational force between them","srLabel":"...","answerPre":"...","answerPost":"...","answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":" ","showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null},{"id":"351","questionType":"compoundInput","compoundQuestion":["350","351"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"and are ","labelPost":" likely to experience a change in their orbits.","srLabel":"...","answerPre":"...","answerPost":"...","answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":" ","showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"36","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"If an object’s inclination, eccentricity, and direction of motion were to change substantially due to the gravitational interaction during a close encounter, would it be the more massive or less massive of the two objects that changed?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"milkyway2","investigation":"milky-way","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"acknowledgements/","title":"Acknowledgements","sectionOrder":null,"order":"2","content":"Acknowledgments go here...
","next":{"title":null,"link":null},"previous":{"title":"Introduction","link":"/introduction/"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":null},{"id":"windowstars2","investigation":"window-stars","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"acknowledgements/","title":"Acknowledgements","sectionOrder":null,"order":"2","content":"Acknowledgments go here...
","next":{"title":null,"link":null},"previous":{"title":"Introduction","link":"/introduction/"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":null},{"id":"hazardous20","investigation":"hazardous-asteroids","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"asteroid-impact-1/","title":"Calculating the Kinetic Energy of an Asteroid","sectionOrder":null,"order":"20","content":null,"next":{"title":"Evaluating the Role of Kinetic Energy on Asteroid Impacts","link":"/asteroid-impact-3/"},"previous":{"title":"Predicting the Size of Impact Craters","link":"/asteroid-impact/"},"tables":[{"id":"2","title":null,"layout":{"col":"right","row":"top"},"fixed":null,"colTitles":["","Asteroid #1","Asteroid #2","Asteroid #3"],"rowTitles":[["Mass"],["Velocity"],["Kinetic Energy"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"25,000 kg","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"15,000 kg","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"15,000 kg","type":null}],[{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"15,000 m/s","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"25,000 m/s","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"15,000 m/s","type":null}],[{"accessor":"kineticEnergy","id":"35","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"kineticEnergy","id":"36","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"kineticEnergy","id":"37","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":null}],"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"35","questionType":"KineticEnergyCalculator","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Calculate the kinetic energy of asteroid #1","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"kineticEnergy","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"36","questionType":"KineticEnergyCalculator","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Calculate the kinetic energy of asteroid #2","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"kineticEnergy","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"37","questionType":"KineticEnergyCalculator","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Calculate the kinetic energy of asteroid #3","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"kineticEnergy","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"59714c6a-f237-558f-95a0-73362ca5be4b","investigation":"old-solar-system-old","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"object-size-solar-system/","title":"The Sizes of Small Solar System Objects","sectionOrder":null,"order":"20","content":"Sometimes it’s useful to know the size of an object. Consider the case for asteroid mining: a large asteroid would produce more raw materials, and therefore have a higher economic potential. Or what if a newly discovered object seems to be on a collision course with Earth? Knowing its size would help us to predict the potential damage it could cause. The size is also a critical factor in determining what sort of strategy we would use to deflect the object.
Even through the most powerful telescopes on Earth, asteroids and TNOs are too far away to look like anything bigger than dots in an image. However, we can use the brightness of the object in an image to estimate its size. Complete this statement, using your reasoning abilities:
","next":{"title":"Estimating the Size of Asteroids","link":"/object-magnitude-solar-system/"},"previous":{"title":"The History of the Solar System","link":"/nebula-theory/"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"37","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["37","38"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"The larger the asteroid, the ","labelPost":" it will appear, ","srLabel":"...","answerPre":"...","answerPost":"...","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"dimmer","value":"dimmer"},{"label":"brighter","value":"brighter"}],"qaReview":null},{"id":"38","questionType":"compoundSelect","compoundQuestion":["37","38"],"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":" because its surface will reflect ","labelPost":" light.","srLabel":"...","answerPre":"...","answerPost":"...","answerAccessor":"select","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"more","value":"more"},{"label":"less","value":"less"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"ebac2813-68b8-5a3e-9adf-124f40bd1eb6","investigation":"old-solar-system-old","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"object-magnitude-solar-system/","title":"The Sizes of Small Solar System Objects","sectionOrder":null,"order":"21","content":"To estimate the size of an asteroid, we use its absolute magnitude, which can be thought of as the asteroid’s actual brightness (as opposed to how bright it appears to an observer on Earth). An asteroid’s absolute magnitude depends only on its size and its albedo. Albedo is a measure of the reflectivity of the surface of an object. An object that is pure white will reflect 100% of the light that hits it and will have an albedo of 1. An object that is pure black will reflect 0% of the light that hits it and will have an albedo of 0. The albedo for an asteroid depends on the material on its surface, but it can range from 0.05 (5%) to 0.25 (25%). Since we don’t know the albedos for all objects, we will assume an average value of 0.15 for this investigation.
The equation for calculating the size of an asteroid is given by:
D = 1329p 10 -0.2 * H
Where D is the diameter of the asteroid (in kilometers), H is the absolute magnitude of the asteroid, and p is the albedo of the asteroid.
Examine this scatter plot of size on the y-axis vs. distance from the Sun (semi-major axis) on the x-axis.
","next":{"title":"Classifying Newly Detected Solar System Objects","link":"/classifying-objects/"},"previous":{"title":"The Sizes of Small Solar System Objects","link":"/object-size-solar-system/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"SizeDistance","source":"/data/galaxies/semimajor_vs_size_by_category.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":{"col":"right","row":"top"},"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":true,"multiple":true,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":[[0,60],[0,1400]],"xAxisLabel":"Distance (au)","yAxisLabel":"Size (km)","xValueAccessor":"semimajor_axis","yValueAccessor":"size","tooltipAccessors":["semimajor_axis","size"],"tooltipUnits":["",""],"tooltipLabels":["Distance (au)","Size (km)"],"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":null,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"39","questionType":"text","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Based on the scatter plot, which of the four main groups is mostly made up of dim, small objects?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"40","questionType":"text","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Based on the scatter plot, which of the four main groups is mostly made of bright, large objects?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"41","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"If there were many bright, large NEOs, would the scatter plot have looked different? If so, how (where would this data have been on your plot)?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"42","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"The scatter plot shows few dim, small TNOs. Is it possible that there are small TNOs that we don't see at all? Why might we not be able to see them?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"43","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Based upon the scatter plot and your answers for the previous questions, are there mostly small objects (less than 10 km in diameter) nearby?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"yes","value":"yes"},{"label":"no","value":"no"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"44","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Based upon the scatter plot and your answers for the previous questions, are there mostly large objects (greater than 10 km in diameter) far away?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"yes","value":"yes"},{"label":"no","value":"no"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"45","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Based upon the scatter plot and your answers for the previous questions, are there far more small objects than large object throughout the solar system?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"yes","value":"yes"},{"label":"no","value":"no"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"hazardous21a","investigation":"hazardous-asteroids","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"asteroid-impact-3/","title":"Evaluating the Role of Kinetic Energy on Asteroid Impacts","sectionOrder":null,"order":"21.1","content":null,"next":{"title":"Investigating a Newly-Discovered Asteroid","link":"/summary/"},"previous":{"title":"Calculating the Kinetic Energy of an Asteroid","link":"/asteroid-impact-1/"},"tables":[{"id":"2","title":null,"layout":{"col":"right","row":"top"},"fixed":null,"colTitles":["","Asteroid #1","Asteroid #2","Asteroid #3"],"rowTitles":[["Mass"],["Velocity"],["Kinetic Energy"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"25,000 kg","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"15,000 kg","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"15,000 kg","type":null}],[{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"15,000 m/s","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"25,000 m/s","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"15,000 m/s","type":null}],[{"accessor":"kineticEnergy","id":"35","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"kineticEnergy","id":"36","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"kineticEnergy","id":"37","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":false}],"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"41","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Compare the kinetic energy values you calculated for each asteroid. Rank, from largest to smallest, the size of the impact crater that would be caused by asteroids #1, #2, and #3. Does this ranking agree with the prediction you previously made?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"42","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Which would have a greater influence on the size of the impact crater: doubling the mass or doubling the velocity of an asteroid?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"43","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Earth orbits the Sun counterclockwise (as seen from the northern hemisphere). Which asteroid do you think would cause more damage: one that also orbits counterclockwise, or one that orbits clockwise? (Hint: think about what would cause more damage in a car accident, a head-on collision or a car being rear-ended.) Explain.","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"ngsssolarsystem22","investigation":"ngss-solar-system","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"classifying-objects/","title":"Classifying Newly Detected Solar System Objects - 1","sectionOrder":null,"order":"22","content":"Many small Solar System objects have been recently discovered by Rubin Observatory. You now have the chance to apply what you have learned to classify three such objects. Your choices for classifying each object are:
Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"MBA","value":"MBA"},{"label":"TNO","value":"TNO"},{"label":"NEO","value":"NEO"},{"label":"Comet","value":"Comet"},{"label":"None of the above","value":"None of the above"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"48","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Explain why you chose this type. What data/evidence supports your choice?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"hazardous23","investigation":"hazardous-asteroids","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"summary/","title":"Investigating a Newly-Discovered Asteroid","sectionOrder":null,"order":"23","content":"Now that you have become an expert in PHAs, you will have a chance to evaluate an asteroid that was discovered by Rubin Observatory. Use all of the knowledge and tools from this investigation to decide whether or not this asteroid is potentially hazardous and how much damage it would cause.
","next":{"title":"Determining the Mass of an Asteroid","link":"/summary-1/"},"previous":{"title":"Evaluating the Role of Kinetic Energy on Asteroid Impacts","link":"/asteroid-impact-3/"},"tables":[{"id":"5","title":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"bottom"},"fixed":null,"colTitles":["","3200 Phaeton"],"rowTitles":[["Asteroid Diameter"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"diameter","id":"48","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":false}],"widgets":[{"type":"OrbitalViewer","source":"/data/neos/3200phaeton.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":"hazardous-asteroids","qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"47","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Based on the orbital characteristics of this asteroid, could this asteroid be considered potentially hazardous? Explain your answer.","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"48","questionType":"SizeCalculator","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Use the absolute magnitude (H) of your asteroid (as shown in the Object Info in Orbit Viewer) and the asteroid’s albedo to calculate its diameter (Da). Since we don’t know what the albedo of most asteroids are, assume an albedo of 0.2, which is the typical value for a rocky asteroid (the most common type).","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":"Enter peak magnitude and albedo","showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"49","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Based on the diameter and orbit of your asteroid, could this be classified as a Potentially Hazardous Asteroid? ","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"ngsssolarsystem23","investigation":"ngss-solar-system","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"classifying-objects-1/","title":"Classifying Newly Detected Solar System Objects - 2","sectionOrder":null,"order":"23","content":"Use the orbital properties in the table you constructed above to help you determine which group this newly discovered object belongs to.","next":{"title":"Classifying Newly Detected Solar System Objects - 3","link":"/classifying-objects-2/"},"previous":{"title":"Classifying Newly Detected Solar System Objects - 1","link":"/classifying-objects/"},"tables":[{"id":"1","title":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"top"},"fixed":true,"colTitles":["Group","Size of Orbit","Eccentricity","Inclination","Direction of Orbit"],"rowTitles":[["NEOs"],["MBAs"],["TNOs"],["Comets"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"data","id":"6","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"4","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"5","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"7","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"10","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"8","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"9","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"11","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"14","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"12","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"13","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"15","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"18","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"16","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"17","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"19","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":false},{"id":"2","title":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"bottom"},"fixed":null,"colTitles":["","Name","Type","Data/Evidence"],"rowTitles":[["#1"],["#2"],["#3"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"data","id":"46","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"47","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"48","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"49","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"50","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"51","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"661","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"67","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"68","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":false}],"widgets":[{"type":"OrbitalViewer","source":"/data/neos/test-distant.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":0.25,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":false,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"49","questionType":"text","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"What is this object's name?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"50","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"What type of object is this?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"MBA","value":"MBA"},{"label":"TNO","value":"TNO"},{"label":"NEO","value":"NEO"},{"label":"Comet","value":"Comet"},{"label":"None of the above","value":"None of the above"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"51","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Explain why you chose this type. What data/evidence supports your choice?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"19","investigation":"exploding-stars","layout":"SingleCol","slug":"acknowledgements/","title":"Acknowledgements","sectionOrder":null,"order":"24","content":"This investigation was created by the Education and Public Outreach program of the Vera C. Rubin Observatory Construction project. In an effort to create and test this investigation prior to the start of Operations, we rely on the data of our scientific colleagues. In particular, this investigation was made possible thanks to data from the Zwicky Transient Facility and services provided by the alert stream broker ANTARES.
The team would also like to thank members of the scientific community who provided scientific expertise and advice in the development of this investigation. In particular, Carl Stubens, Nicholas Wolf, Melissa Graham, and Chris D’Andrea helped make this investigation possible.
Vera C. Rubin Observatory is a Federal project jointly funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science, with early construction funding received from private donations through the LSST Corporation. The NSF-funded LSST (now Rubin Observatory) Project Office for construction was established as an operating center under the management of the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA). The DOE-funded effort to build the Rubin Observatory LSST Camera (LSSTCam) is managed by SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC).
Data is based on observations obtained with the Samuel Oschin 48-inch Telescope at the Palomar Observatory as part of the Zwicky Transient Facility project. ZTF is supported by the National Science Foundation and a collaboration including Caltech, IPAC, the Weizmann Institute for Science, the Oskar Klein Center at Stockholm University, the University of Maryland, the University of Washington, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron and Humboldt University, Los Alamos National Laboratories, the TANGO Consortium of Taiwan, the University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories. Operations are conducted by COO, IPAC, and UW.
The ANTARES project has been supported by the National Science Foundation through a cooperative agreement with the Association of University for Research in Astronomy (AURA) for the operation of NOAO, through an NSF INSPIRE grant to the University of Arizona (CISE AST-1344024, PI: R. Snodgrass), and through a grant from the Heising-Simons Foundation.
","next":{"title":null,"link":null},"previous":{"title":"Putting it all Together","link":"/summary/"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":null},{"id":"hazardous24","investigation":"hazardous-asteroids","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"summary-1/","title":"Determining the Mass of an Asteroid","sectionOrder":null,"order":"24","content":"Now that you have determined if your asteroid is potentially hazardous, the next step is to predict how much damage it could produce if it were to impact Earth. The damage can be mathematically calculated based on the asteroid’s kinetic energy (KE) at the time of impact. To calculate kinetic energy you have to know the incoming velocity (v) of the asteroid in addition to its mass (m):
KE = ½ mv2
Based on where the asteroid is in its orbit around the Sun, scientists can roughly estimate the incoming velocity of the asteroid. The velocity is a combination of the speed of the asteroid and the speed of the Earth at the time when the asteroid enters Earth’s atmosphere. The estimated incoming velocity of your asteroid is displayed in the chart at the right.
The mass of an asteroid is estimated by using the asteroid’s diameter and creating an asteroid model based on some assumptions about its density and shape. Because we cannot study most asteroids up close, we do not have a good idea of their shape or composition. So even though most asteroids are irregular in shape, we model them as being a sphere, which allows us to calculate the volume for an asteroid by using its diameter (Da). Because the composition of the asteroid is not known, we assume it is a rocky asteroid (the most common type) with a density(𝞀) of ~2500 kg/m³. Using these assumptions, we can estimate the mass of the asteroid.
","next":{"title":"Calculating the Crater Depth and Diameter","link":"/summary-2/"},"previous":{"title":"Investigating a Newly-Discovered Asteroid","link":"/summary/"},"tables":[{"id":"5","title":null,"layout":{"col":"right","row":"top"},"fixed":true,"colTitles":["","3200 Phaeton"],"rowTitles":[["Asteroid Diameter"],["Asteroid Density"],["Asteroid Velocity"],["Asteroid Mass"],["Asteroid Kinetic Energy"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"diameter","id":"48","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"2,500 kg/m³","type":null}],[{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"12,900 m/s","type":null}],[{"accessor":"mass","id":"52","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"kineticEnergy","id":"52","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":false}],"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"52","questionType":"MassCalculator","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Input your asteroid’s diameter, density, and velocity into the calculator to determine its mass (ma) and kinetic energy (KE):","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"mass","placeholder":"Enter values","showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"ngsssolarsystem24","investigation":"ngss-solar-system","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"classifying-objects-2/","title":"Classifying Newly Detected Solar System Objects - 3","sectionOrder":null,"order":"24","content":"Use the orbital properties in the table you constructed above to help you determine which group this newly discovered object belongs to.
","next":{"title":"Exploring A New Class of Objects","link":"/solar-system-summary/"},"previous":{"title":"Classifying Newly Detected Solar System Objects - 2","link":"/classifying-objects-1/"},"tables":[{"id":"1","title":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"top"},"fixed":true,"colTitles":["Group","Size of Orbit","Eccentricity","Inclination","Direction of Orbit"],"rowTitles":[["NEOs"],["MBAs"],["TNOs"],["Comets"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"data","id":"6","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"4","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"5","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"7","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"10","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"8","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"9","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"11","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"14","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"12","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"13","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"15","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"18","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"16","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"17","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"19","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":false},{"id":"2","title":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"bottom"},"fixed":null,"colTitles":["","Name","Type","Data/Evidence"],"rowTitles":[["#1"],["#2"],["#3"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"data","id":"46","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"47","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"48","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"49","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"50","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"51","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"661","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"67","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"68","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":null}],"widgets":[{"type":"OrbitalViewer","source":"/data/neos/test-tno.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":0.06,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":false,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"661","questionType":"text","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"What is this object's name?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"67","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"What type of object is this?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"MBA","value":"MBA"},{"label":"TNO","value":"TNO"},{"label":"NEO","value":"NEO"},{"label":"Comet","value":"Comet"},{"label":"None of the above","value":"None of the above"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"68","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Explain why you chose this type. What data/evidence supports your choice?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"hazardous25","investigation":"hazardous-asteroids","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"summary-2/","title":"Calculating the Crater Depth and Diameter","sectionOrder":null,"order":"25","content":"The asteroid’s density and diameter are used to provide the mass of the asteroid. The mass and velocity of the asteroid are used to determine its kinetic energy. The kinetic energy of the asteroid will determine the diameter and depth of the crater produced.
","next":{"title":"Finding the Location of Severe Damage","link":"/summary-3/"},"previous":{"title":"Determining the Mass of an Asteroid","link":"/summary-1/"},"tables":[{"id":"6","title":null,"layout":{"col":"right","row":"top"},"fixed":true,"colTitles":["","3200 Phaeton"],"rowTitles":[["Asteroid Diameter"],["Asteroid Density"],["Asteroid Velocity"],["Asteroid Mass"],["Asteroid Kinetic Energy"],["Crater Diameter"],["Crater Depth"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"diameter","id":"48","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"2,500 kg/m³","type":null}],[{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"12,900 m/s","type":null}],[{"accessor":"mass","id":"52","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"kineticEnergy","id":"53","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"craterDiameter","id":"53","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"craterDepth","id":"53","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":null}],"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"53","questionType":"ImpactCalculator","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Input your asteroid's diameter, density, and velocity to determine the kinetic energy of your asteroid's impact, and the the diameter and depth of the crater that will be formed:","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"kineticEnergy","placeholder":"Enter values","showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"531","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"The Palo Verde nuclear power plant (the largest in the US) can produce about 1.08 x 1016 J (10,800,000,000,000,000 J). Is the kinetic energy of your asteroid greater than, less than or about the same as the energy from the power plant? Give an answer in terms of the number of power plants per asteroid or vice versa.","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"532","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"How does the diameter and depth of your crater compare to the lakes listed below? Explain your answer.
The composition of an asteroid might reveal where it was first formed, or what potential resources it may contain. There are many different classes of asteroids. C-class (“carbonaceous”) asteroids are the most common, making up about 75% of all known asteroids. They are mostly made of clay and rock. These asteroids are of interest because they contain significant amounts of water, which future space explorers could use for life support and for the production of rocket fuel.
S-class (“silicaceous”) asteroids are the second most common, and make up about 17% of known asteroids. They contain large amounts of precious metals, such as gold, platinum, and iridium. Scientists estimate that some S-class asteroids have several trillion dollars worth of metals in them, which makes them of interest to potential mining operations.
We can learn about the composition of a Solar System object by measuring its brightness through multiple filters that transmit light over a limited range of wavelengths.
The Rubin Observatory’s LSST Camera uses six filters to study the light from objects at different wavelengths. They are identified by the letters u, g, r, i, z and y. Three of these filters (g, r, and i) transmit visible light our eyes can see. The u filter transmits ultraviolet light. The z and y filters transmit only infrared light.
","next":{"title":"Determining the Composition of an Object","link":"/object-composition-1/"},"previous":{"title":"Classifying Newly Detected Solar System Objects","link":"/classifying-objects-2/"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":null},{"id":"92f3656f-25a3-5f34-ba25-cde1545959b0","investigation":"old-solar-system-old","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"object-composition-1/","title":"Determining the Composition of an Object","sectionOrder":null,"order":"26","content":"To determine the surface composition, astronomers look at the differences in brightness of an asteroid from one filter to the next. The blue points show C-class and S-class asteroids when measured through Rubin Observatory’s g, r, i, and z filters. The x-axis shows four filters. The y-axis is a measure of brightness compared to the g filter. For example, if the r filter shows a brightness value of 3, it means that the asteroid appeared three times brighter through the r filter than it was when measured through the g filter.
The blue line shows the average values measured for each filter. For C-class asteroids the plot is relatively flat across the r, i, z filter range. For S-class asteroids the plot increases from r to i filters but then decreases from i to z filters.
We are especially interested in the surface composition of NEOs, since they are the easiest objects to visit. Rubin Observatory has detected many new NEOs. The red curve on each plot shows the brightness data for one such asteroid.
When comparing this asteroid's brightness data to the C-class and S-class asteroids, don’t pay attention to the height of the curves but instead compare the shapes of the curves.
","next":{"title":"Reflect and Discuss","link":"/solar-system-discuss-report/"},"previous":{"title":"Classifying Newly Detected Solar System Objects","link":"/object-composition/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"AsteroidClass","source":"/data/neos/neo_1990_SB_Sclass.json","sources":["/data/neos/asteroid_photomtery_class_C.json","/data/neos/asteroid_photomtery_class_S.json"],"widgets":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"top"},"options":null},{"type":"OrbitalViewer","source":"/data/neos/neo_1990_SB_Sclass.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":{"col":"right","row":"top"},"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":0.8,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":null,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"52","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Determine your asteroid's type (C or S) by examining a plot of its brightness measurements through different filters. Explain how you decided.","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"53","questionType":"SizeCalculator","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Enter the absolute magnitude and albedo of your asteroid to determine its diameter. The average albedo for C-class asteroids is 0.06 and the average albedo for S-class asteroids is 0.20.","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"diameter","placeholder":"Enter peak magnitude","showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"54","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Select an object on Earth that is closest to the size of your NEO.","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"Soccer Ball","value":"Soccer Ball"},{"label":"Car","value":"Car"},{"label":"Small Town","value":"Small Town"},{"label":"Large City","value":"Large City"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"hazardous27","investigation":"hazardous-asteroids","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"summary-3/","title":"Finding the Location of Severe Damage","sectionOrder":null,"order":"27","content":"At different distances away from the impact two different types of impact effects are predicted
You may select distances up to 20,000,000 meters away, which is on the other side of Earth opposite the impact.
","next":{"title":"Finding the Location of Severe Damage","link":"/summary-3-1"},"previous":{"title":"Calculating the Crater Depth and Diameter","link":"/summary-2/"},"tables":[{"id":"7","title":"Asteroid Impact Properties","layout":{"col":"right","row":"top"},"fixed":true,"colTitles":["Asteroid Name","3200 Phaeton"],"rowTitles":[["Asteroid Kinetic Energy"],["Crater Diameter"],["Crater Depth"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"kineticEnergy","id":"53","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"craterDiameter","id":"53","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"craterDepth","id":"53","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":false},{"id":"8","title":"Seismic Energy and Effects","layout":{"col":"right","row":"top"},"fixed":null,"colTitles":["Richter Magnitude","Earthquake Rating","Earthquake Effects"],"rowTitles":null,"rows":[[{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Less than 2.0","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Micro","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Normally only detected by seismograms. Most people cannot feel it.","type":null}],[{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"2.0 - 2.9","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Minor","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"A few people feel it. No building damage.","type":null}],[{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"3.0 - 3.9","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Minor","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Indoor objects can be seen shaking.","type":null}],[{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"4.0 - 4.9","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Light","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Most people feel it. Indoor objects shake or fall to floor.","type":null}],[{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"5.0 - 5.9","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Moderate","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Everyone feels it. Can damage or destroy buildings not designed to withstand earthquakes.","type":null}],[{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"6.0 - 6.9","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Strong","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Some building damage to Earthquake-resistant structures. Felt hundreds of miles from epicenter.","type":null}],[{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"7.0 - 7.9","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Major","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Widespread damage in areas up to 150 miles from epicenter","type":null}],[{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"8.0 - 8.9","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Great","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Felt over a very large region. Widespread damage in large areas and structures such as bridges are destroyed.","type":null}],[{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"9.0 - 9.9","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Great","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Severe damage or destruction of most buildings and structures. Permanent changes to the ground surface.","type":null}],[{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"10","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Massive","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Never recorded.","type":null}]],"qaReview":false}],"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"54","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"How far away from the point of impact would you be if you were standing on the rim of the crater?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"The crater diameter","value":"The crater diameter"},{"label":"Half the crater diameter","value":"Half the crater diameter"},{"label":"The crater depth","value":"The crater depth"},{"label":"Half the crater depth","value":"Half the crater depth"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"55","questionType":"ImpactDamageCalculator","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Input the kinetic energy of your asteroid, and a distance from the impact (r) to estimate the damage observed from that distance. You may select distances up to 20,000 km (20,000,000 m) away, which is on the other side of Earth opposite the impact. To input a number in scientific notation, such as 1.2 x 103 use this form: 1.2e3","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"all","placeholder":"Enter values","showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"hazardous28","investigation":"hazardous-asteroids","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"summary-3-1/","title":"Finding the Location of Severe Damage","sectionOrder":null,"order":"28","content":"If you are too close to the impact, significant seismic activity, incredible windspeeds, and air blast pressures will damage buildings and structures and there will be a nearly total loss of life. This will occur for air blast pressures of 30,000 Pa and above.
","next":{"title":"Finding a Safe Location","link":"/summary-4"},"previous":{"title":"Finding the Location of Severe Damage","link":"/summary-3/"},"tables":[{"id":"7","title":"Asteroid Impact Properties","layout":{"col":"right","row":"top"},"fixed":true,"colTitles":["Asteroid Name","3200 Phaeton"],"rowTitles":[["Asteroid Kinetic Energy"],["Crater Diameter"],["Crater Depth"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"kineticEnergy","id":"53","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"craterDiameter","id":"53","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"craterDepth","id":"53","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":false},{"id":"8","title":"Seismic Energy and Effects","layout":{"col":"right","row":"top"},"fixed":null,"colTitles":["Richter Magnitude","Earthquake Rating","Earthquake Effects"],"rowTitles":null,"rows":[[{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Less than 2.0","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Micro","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Normally only detected by seismograms. Most people cannot feel it.","type":null}],[{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"2.0 - 2.9","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Minor","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"A few people feel it. No building damage.","type":null}],[{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"3.0 - 3.9","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Minor","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Indoor objects can be seen shaking.","type":null}],[{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"4.0 - 4.9","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Light","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Most people feel it. Indoor objects shake or fall to floor.","type":null}],[{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"5.0 - 5.9","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Moderate","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Everyone feels it. Can damage or destroy buildings not designed to withstand earthquakes.","type":null}],[{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"6.0 - 6.9","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Strong","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Some building damage to Earthquake-resistant structures. Felt hundreds of miles from epicenter.","type":null}],[{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"7.0 - 7.9","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Major","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Widespread damage in areas up to 150 miles from epicenter","type":null}],[{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"8.0 - 8.9","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Great","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Felt over a very large region. Widespread damage in large areas and structures such as bridges are destroyed.","type":null}],[{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"9.0 - 9.9","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Great","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Severe damage or destruction of most buildings and structures. Permanent changes to the ground surface.","type":null}],[{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"10","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Massive","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Never recorded.","type":null}]],"qaReview":false}],"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"551","questionType":"ImpactDamageCalculator","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"What is the greatest distance from your impact where this kind of damage and loss of life will be experienced? Input the kinetic energy of your asteroid, and a distance from the impact (r) to estimate the damage observed from that distance. You may select distances up to 20,000 km (20,000,000 m) away. To input a number in scientific notation, such as 1.2 x 103 use this form: 1.2e3","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"all","placeholder":"Enter values","showUserAnswer":"55","options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"552","questionType":"text","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"According to the Richter magnitude table, the earthquake produced at this distance would be rated as","labelPost":".","srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"553","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"What earthquake effects would be experienced at this distance?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"ngsssolarsystem28","investigation":"ngss-solar-system","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"solar-system-summary/","title":"Exploring A New Class of Objects","sectionOrder":null,"order":"28","content":"You are on a Solar System expedition and your team flies by objects that do not seem to fall into any of the four major groups you have investigated so far. You will use histograms and the Orbit Viewer to determine their orbital properties.
","next":{"title":"Defining Orbital Properties - Orbit Sizes","link":"/solar-system-summary-1/"},"previous":{"title":"Classifying Newly Detected Solar System Objects - 3","link":"/classifying-objects-2/"},"tables":null,"widgets":[{"type":"OrbitalViewer","source":"/data/neos/FINAL_orbit_50sample_wname2021.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":0.05,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":true,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":null},{"id":"hazardous29","investigation":"hazardous-asteroids","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"summary-4/","title":"Finding a Safe Location","sectionOrder":null,"order":"29","content":"If you want to be sure your family has a good chance of surviving the impact from your asteroid, you need to get far enough away so that the air blast pressure is below 7000 Pa.
","next":{"title":"Learning More about Asteroid Detection","link":"/learn-more/"},"previous":{"title":"Finding the Location of Severe Damage","link":"/summary-3-1/"},"tables":[{"id":"7","title":"Asteroid Impact Properties","layout":{"col":"right","row":"top"},"fixed":true,"colTitles":["Asteroid Name","3200 Phaeton"],"rowTitles":[["Asteroid Kinetic Energy"],["Crater Diameter"],["Crater Depth"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"kineticEnergy","id":"53","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"craterDiameter","id":"53","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"craterDepth","id":"53","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":false},{"id":"8","title":"Seismic Energy and Effects","layout":{"col":"right","row":"top"},"fixed":null,"colTitles":["Richter Magnitude","Earthquake Rating","Earthquake Effects"],"rowTitles":null,"rows":[[{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Less than 2.0","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Micro","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Normally only detected by seismograms. Most people cannot feel it.","type":null}],[{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"2.0 - 2.9","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Minor","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"A few people feel it. No building damage.","type":null}],[{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"3.0 - 3.9","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Minor","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Indoor objects can be seen shaking.","type":null}],[{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"4.0 - 4.9","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Light","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Most people feel it. Indoor objects shake or fall to floor.","type":null}],[{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"5.0 - 5.9","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Moderate","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Everyone feels it. Can damage or destroy buildings not designed to withstand earthquakes.","type":null}],[{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"6.0 - 6.9","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Strong","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Some building damage to Earthquake-resistant structures. Felt hundreds of miles from epicenter.","type":null}],[{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"7.0 - 7.9","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Major","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Widespread damage in areas up to 150 miles from epicenter","type":null}],[{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"8.0 - 8.9","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Great","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Felt over a very large region. Widespread damage in large areas and structures such as bridges are destroyed.","type":null}],[{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"9.0 - 9.9","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Great","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Severe damage or destruction of most buildings and structures. Permanent changes to the ground surface.","type":null}],[{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"10","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Massive","type":null},{"accessor":null,"id":null,"content":"Never recorded.","type":null}]],"qaReview":false}],"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"554","questionType":"ImpactDamageCalculator","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"At what distance would you have to be in order to have a good chance of surviving the impact? Input a distance from the impact (r) to estimate the damage observed from that distance. You may select distances up to 20,000 km (20,000,000 m) away, which is on the other side of Earth opposite the impact.","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"all","placeholder":"Enter values","showUserAnswer":"55","options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"555","questionType":"text","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"According to the Richter magnitude table, the earthquake at this distance produced would be rated as","labelPost":".","srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"556","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"What earthquake effects would be experienced at this distance?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"ngsssolarsystem29","investigation":"ngss-solar-system","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"solar-system-summary-1/","title":"Defining Orbital Properties - Orbit Sizes","sectionOrder":null,"order":"29","content":"Click on each icon found to the left of the histogram to examine the different orbital properties. If you click above each bar on the histogram, the exact number of objects for the bar will appear. Complete the table below by clicking on each cell and entering a value.
","next":{"title":"Defining Orbital Properties - Eccentricities- 2","link":"/solar-system-summary-2/"},"previous":{"title":"Exploring A New Class of Objects","link":"/solar-system-summary/"},"tables":[{"id":"1","title":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"bottom"},"fixed":null,"colTitles":["Property","Min","Max","Most Common"],"rowTitles":[["Orbit Size (au)"],["Eccentricity"],["Inclination º"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"data","id":"55","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"56","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"57","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"58","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"59","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"60","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"61","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"62","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"63","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":false}],"widgets":[{"type":"OrbitalProperties","source":"/data/neos/final_semimajor_axis_hist.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":"Orbit Sizes","hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":[[0,30],null],"xAxisLabel":"Orbit Sizes (au)","yAxisLabel":"Number of Objects","xValueAccessor":"semimajor_axis","yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":["countOfTotal","semimajor_axis"],"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":["Objects","Orbit Size (au)"],"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":10,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":null,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"55","questionType":"text","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"What is the minimum orbit size?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"56","questionType":"text","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"What is the maximum orbit size?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"57","questionType":"text","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"What is the most common orbit size?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"hazardous30","investigation":"hazardous-asteroids","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"learn-more/","title":"Learning More about Asteroid Detection","sectionOrder":null,"order":"30","content":"The geological record of Earth reminds us that though rare, significant impact events do happen. A number of organizations are working diligently to devise better detection and protection methods against the threat of an asteroid impact. To learn more about current efforts, check out any of these organizations:
Asteroid mitigation strategies
If a potentially hazardous asteroid is coming your way, what can you do about it?
The Center for Near Earth Objects Studies
Find news and data about close approaches of asteroids to Earth.
NASA Planetary Defense Coordination Office - NEOs
This center plays a lead role in coordinating U.S. government monitoring of close approach asteroids and planning a response to an actual impact threat.
JPL SENTRY Collision Monitoring System
SENTRY lists data and information about known objects that have highest potential for a future Earth impact.
Use the SENTRY site above to answer this question:
","next":{"title":"Reflect and Discuss","link":"/reflect-discuss/"},"previous":{"title":"Finding a Safe Location","link":"/summary-4/"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"57","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Of all of the asteroids now listed on SENTRY, which is of most concern to you? List its name and explain all of the factors (year range for impact, number of potential impacts, impact probability, Palermo Scale, etc.) you considered in making your decision.","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"ngsssolarsystem30","investigation":"ngss-solar-system","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"solar-system-summary-2/","title":"Defining Orbital Properties - Eccentricities- 2","sectionOrder":null,"order":"30","content":"Use the histogram to answer the following questions:
","next":{"title":"Defining Orbital Properties - Inclinations - 3","link":"/solar-system-summary-3/"},"previous":{"title":"Defining Orbital Properties - Orbit Sizes","link":"/solar-system-summary-1/"},"tables":[{"id":"1","title":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"bottom"},"fixed":null,"colTitles":["Property","Min","Max","Most Common"],"rowTitles":[["Orbit Size (au)"],["Eccentricity"],["Inclination º"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"data","id":"55","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"56","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"57","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"58","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"59","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"60","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"61","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"62","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"63","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":false}],"widgets":[{"type":"OrbitalProperties","source":"/data/neos/final_eccentricity_hist.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":"Eccentricities","hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":[[0,1],null],"xAxisLabel":"Eccentricities","yAxisLabel":"Number of Objects","xValueAccessor":"eccentricity","yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":["countOfTotal","eccentricity"],"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":["Objects","Eccentricity"],"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":20,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":null,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"58","questionType":"text","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"What is the minimum orbit eccentricity?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"59","questionType":"text","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"What is the maximum orbit eccentricity?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"60","questionType":"text","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"What is the most common orbit eccentricity?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"hazardous31","investigation":"hazardous-asteroids","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"reflect-discuss/","title":"Reflect and Discuss","sectionOrder":null,"order":"31","content":"A story in the news says that astronomers have made an initial observation of an asteroid that has a significant probability of hitting Earth. A few months later a follow-up story says that astronomers have made additional observations and now state that the asteroid is no longer a threat.
","next":{"title":"Acknowledgements","link":"/acknowledgements/"},"previous":{"title":"Learning More about Asteroid Detection","link":"/learn-more/"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"58","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Upon reading the news a friend of yours says, “What’s wrong with these astronomers? First they think we’re going to get hit and then they say we aren’t. Why can’t they get it straight the first time?” What would you tell your friend to help them understand?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"59","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Do you think astronomers should alert the public upon their first observation of an asteroid that has a probability of hitting Earth or wait until they are more certain that an impact will actually occur? Explain your reasoning.","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"60","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Do you think astronomers should continue to monitor this asteroid? Explain your reasoning.","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"61","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"When an asteroid impacts Earth, not all of its kinetic energy is converted to seismic energy or air blast pressure. What other form(s) of energy might result from the conversion of the asteroid’s kinetic energy? (Hint: Think of other types of explosions.)","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"ngsssolarsystem31","investigation":"ngss-solar-system","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"solar-system-summary-3/","title":"Defining Orbital Properties - Inclinations - 3","sectionOrder":null,"order":"31","content":"Use the histogram to answer the following questions:
","next":{"title":"Putting it all Together - Histograms","link":"/solar-system-summary-5/"},"previous":{"title":"Defining Orbital Properties - Eccentricities- 2","link":"/solar-system-summary-2/"},"tables":[{"id":"1","title":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"bottom"},"fixed":null,"colTitles":["Property","Min","Max","Most Common"],"rowTitles":[["Orbit Size (au)"],["Eccentricity"],["Inclination º"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"data","id":"55","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"56","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"57","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"58","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"59","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"60","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"61","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"62","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"63","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":null}],"widgets":[{"type":"OrbitalProperties","source":"/data/neos/final_inclination_hist.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":"Inclinations","hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":[[0,180],[]],"xAxisLabel":"Inclinations (degrees)","yAxisLabel":"Number of Objects","xValueAccessor":"inclination","yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":["countOfTotal","inclination"],"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":["Objects","Inclination (degrees)"],"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":18,"required":null,"defaultZoom":null,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":null,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":null,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"61","questionType":"text","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"What is the minimum orbit inclination?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"62","questionType":"text","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"What is the maximum orbit inclination?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"63","questionType":"text","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"What is the most common orbit inclination?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"69","questionType":"select","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":null,"labelPre":"Based on the data you have determined for this new group of objects, ","labelPost":" of them orbit the Sun in the opposite direction of Earth’s orbit.","srLabel":null,"answerPre":"Selected:
","answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"data","placeholder":"Select","showUserAnswer":null,"options":[{"label":"most","value":"most"},{"label":"many","value":"many"},{"label":"few","value":"few"}],"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"70","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Between which two planets are the majority of these objects located?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"hazardous32","investigation":"hazardous-asteroids","layout":"SingleCol","slug":"acknowledgements/","title":"Acknowledgements","sectionOrder":null,"order":"32","content":"This investigation was created by the Education and Public Outreach program of the Vera C. Rubin Observatory Construction project. In an effort to create and test this investigation prior to the start of Operations, we rely on the data of our scientific colleagues. In particular, this investigation has made use of data and/or services provided by the International Astronomical Union’s Minor Planet Center. The fits of asteroid orbital parameters was accomplished thanks to OpenOrb.
The team would also like to thank Travis Rector for useful scientific discussions in the development of this investigation.
Granvik, M., Virtanen, J., Oszkiewicz, D., Muinonen, K. (2009). OpenOrb: Open-source asteroid orbit computation software including statistical ranging. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 44(12), 1853-1861.
Vera C. Rubin Observatory is a Federal project jointly funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science, with early construction funding received from private donations through the LSST Corporation. The NSF-funded LSST (now Rubin Observatory) Project Office for construction was established as an operating center under the management of the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA). The DOE-funded effort to build the Rubin Observatory LSST Camera (LSSTCam) is managed by SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC).
","next":{"title":null,"link":null},"previous":{"title":"Reflect and Discuss","link":"/reflect-discuss/"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":null},{"id":"ngsssolarsystem33","investigation":"ngss-solar-system","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"solar-system-summary-5/","title":"Putting it all Together","sectionOrder":null,"order":"33","content":null,"next":{"title":"Putting it all Together","link":"/solar-system-summary-6/"},"previous":{"title":"Defining Orbital Properties - Inclinations - 3","link":"/solar-system-summary-3/"},"tables":[{"id":"1","title":null,"layout":{"col":"right","row":"top"},"fixed":true,"colTitles":["Group","Size of Orbit","Eccentricity","Inclination","Direction of Orbit"],"rowTitles":[["NEOs"],["MBAs"],["TNOs"],["Comets"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"data","id":"6","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"4","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"5","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"7","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"10","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"8","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"9","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"11","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"14","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"12","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"13","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"15","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"18","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"16","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"17","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"19","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":false},{"id":"2","title":null,"layout":{"col":"right","row":"bottom"},"fixed":null,"colTitles":["Property","Min","Max","Most Common"],"rowTitles":[["Orbit Size (au)"],["Eccentricity"],["Inclination º"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"data","id":"55","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"56","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"57","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"58","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"59","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"60","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"61","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"62","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"63","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":false}],"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"71","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Two students are discussing their comparisons of the orbital properties for this group of objects with the four groups you investigated earlier.
Student #1: I see that many of these objects are near Neptune, so I am thinking they are TNOs.
Student #2: I disagree, they are too close to be TNOs. They appear to have the same properties as comets, so I think that is what they are.
Do you agree or disagree with either or both of these students? Explain your reasoning.
","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"ngsssolarsystem34","investigation":"ngss-solar-system","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"solar-system-summary-6/","title":"Putting it all Together","sectionOrder":null,"order":"34","content":null,"next":{"title":"Reflect and Discuss","link":"/solar-system-discuss-report/"},"previous":{"title":"Putting it all Together","link":"/solar-system-summary-5/"},"tables":[{"id":"2","title":null,"layout":{"col":"left","row":"top"},"fixed":null,"colTitles":["Property","Min","Max","Most Common"],"rowTitles":[["Orbit Size (au)"],["Eccentricity"],["Inclination º"]],"rows":[[{"accessor":"data","id":"55","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"56","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"57","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"58","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"59","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"60","content":null,"type":null}],[{"accessor":"data","id":"61","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"62","content":null,"type":null},{"accessor":"data","id":"63","content":null,"type":null}]],"qaReview":false}],"widgets":[{"type":"OrbitalViewer","source":"/data/neos/FINAL_orbit_50sample_wname2021.json","sources":null,"widgets":null,"layout":null,"options":{"title":null,"hideSubHeadTitle":null,"showSelector":null,"showLightCurve":null,"showUserPlot":null,"createUserHubblePlot":null,"hubbleConstant":null,"userTrendline":null,"lightCurveTemplates":null,"choosePeakMagnitude":null,"preSelectedId":null,"preSelectedLightCurveTemplate":null,"preSelectedLightCurveMagnitude":null,"toggleDataPointsVisibility":null,"hideControls":null,"hideImage":null,"randomSource":null,"autoplay":null,"loop":null,"preSelected":null,"multiple":null,"svgShapes":null,"color":null,"domain":null,"xAxisLabel":null,"yAxisLabel":null,"xValueAccessor":null,"yValueAccessor":null,"tooltipAccessors":null,"tooltipUnits":null,"tooltipLabels":null,"paused":null,"pov":null,"bins":null,"required":null,"defaultZoom":0.05,"objectName":null,"questionId":null,"potentialOrbits":null,"noDetails":null,"noLabels":true,"detailsSet":null,"qaReview":false,"observations":null,"refObjs":null}}],"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"72","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Now that your team has discovered these objects, you have the opportunity to name the group. What name do you propose and what is the significance or inspiration for your choice?","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"ngsssolarsystem36","investigation":"ngss-solar-system","layout":"TwoCol","slug":"solar-system-discuss-report/","title":"Reflect and Discuss","sectionOrder":null,"order":"36","content":null,"next":{"title":"Acknowledgements","link":"/acknowledgements/"},"previous":{"title":"Putting it all Together","link":"/solar-system-summary-5/"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":[{"question":[{"id":"73","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"The asteroid `Oumuamua and comet Borisov were discovered while they were passing through our Solar System, but each came from different solar systems. Based on what you have learned about gravitational interactions, provide an explanation for how these objects were able to leave their solar systems.","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"74","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"Comets often come very close to the Sun during their orbits. Comets are able to remain icy even after a close trip around the Sun. Explain how this can happen based on what you know about the shape of a comet’s orbit, its changing location in the Solar System during an orbit, and the changes in its orbital speed.","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null},{"question":[{"id":"75","questionType":"textArea","compoundQuestion":null,"tool":null,"label":"We are searching the outer Solar System to discover if there is a large planet out there, which has been referred to as “Planet X.” Predict and describe the orbital properties of a “Planet X” (its eccentricity, inclination, direction of orbit, and orbital size). Explain your reasoning.","labelPre":null,"labelPost":null,"srLabel":null,"answerPre":null,"answerPost":null,"answerAccessor":"text","placeholder":null,"showUserAnswer":null,"options":null,"qaReview":null}],"tables":null,"layout":null}]},{"id":"ngsssolarsystem37","investigation":"ngss-solar-system","layout":"SingleCol","slug":"acknowledgements/","title":"Acknowledgements","sectionOrder":null,"order":"37","content":"This investigation has made use of data and/or services provided by the International Astronomical Union’s Minor Planet Center.
The team would also like to thank Siegfried Eggl, Henry Hsieh, and Mike Kelley for useful scientific discussions in the development of this investigation.
","next":{"title":null,"link":null},"previous":{"title":"Reflect and Discuss","link":"/solar-system-discuss-report/"},"tables":null,"widgets":null,"questionsByPage":null}]}},"pageContext":{"investigations":[{"id":"exploding-stars","title":"Exploding Stars","sections":null},{"id":"expanding-universe","title":"Expanding Universe","sections":[{"sectionName":"1"},{"sectionName":"2"},{"sectionName":"3"},{"sectionName":"4"}]},{"id":"observable-universe","title":"Exploring the Observable Universe","sections":null},{"id":"solar-system","title":"Surveying the Solar System","sections":[{"sectionName":"1"},{"sectionName":"2"},{"sectionName":"3"}]},{"id":"hazardous-asteroids","title":"Hazardous Asteroids","sections":null},{"id":"coloring-universe","title":"Coloring the Universe","sections":null},{"id":"window-stars","title":"A Window to the Stars","sections":null},{"id":"milky-way","title":"Mapping the Milky Way","sections":null},{"id":"demo-mini","title":"EPO Demo","sections":null},{"id":"ngss-solar-system","title":"Surveying the Solar System","sections":null}],"env":"exploding-stars","language":"es","i18n":{"language":"es","languages":["en","es"],"defaultLanguage":"en","generateDefaultLanguagePage":false,"routed":true,"originalPath":"/qa-review/","path":"es/qa-review/"}}}}